基础的

In business in which the major activity is the production or trading of merchandise,the cash basis cannot be used.

二有另一个基础的现金为基础的会计等现金为基础的系统中，只有当现金收入记录，记录和费用，只有当支付现金现金为基础的普遍采用的由专业公司和服务业务鞋的主要收入来源是现金销售服务在商业中主要的活动就是生产和交易的商品，不能使用现金为基础的。

PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

The background assumed on the part of the reader is a knowledge of undergraduate differential and integral calculus and of elements of differential equations, and the experience of a probability and statistics course based upon a calculus foundation.

具备微积分，微分方程基础和以微积分为基础的概率论基础知识的学生均可选学这门课程，如果进一步具有诸如变换，差分方程和马尔科夫过程这些更高一点的数学基础，对学习此课程会更有帮助。

The design and calculation of raft foundation ,the topic of whether to remain the permannent building separation for settlement between mair buildings and podiums,the piling design,and calculation for base settlement are introduced.

依据上海地基基础设计规范(DGJ08—11—1999)和《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》(JGJ3—2002)，结合多年的工程经验，详细阐述了在上海地区进行高层建筑基础设计时结构方案的选择，筏形基础设计与计算，主楼与裙房间是否要设永久沉降缝，桩基础的设计，以及基础沉降计算等常见问题。

The mechanical behaviour of anchorage foundations is then further studied by comparing that of a caisson without anchors. Meanwhile, the distribution of moment on anchor is analyzed; and the influence of anchors' embedded depth on the bearing capacity is studied.

在此基础上，通过无根键沉井基础和有根键沉井基础的受力特性对比，分析了根式基础的受力特性，对根键上的弯矩分布型式进行了研究，并探讨了根键沿深度位置分布对根式基础承载力的影响。

Idea of freedom 自由的概念 In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant distinguishes between the transcendental idea of freedom, which as a psychological concept is "mainly empirical" and refers to "the question whether we must admit a power of spontaneously beginning a series of successive things or states" as a real ground of necessity in regard to causality, and the practical concept of freedom as the independence of our will from the "coercion" or necessitation through sensuous impulses.

在《纯粹理性批判》中，康德区分了先验自由的概念与实践自由的概念，先验自由概念作为一个心理学概念"主要是经验的"，它指向"我们是否必须承认自然始发的一系列先后相继的事物状态"是必然性的真正基础的问题；实践自由的概念则是作为我们的意志独立于"强迫"或"通过感官冲动的强制"的概念。

As a part of the Rootstalk foundation research ,the paper introduce contrast of the vertical load and pull capacity, horizontal push capacity between the rootstalk foundation and the common caisson by means of 3-D FEM software analysis. The analysis shows that the rootstalk foundation has great practical potential and its mechanical behavior are preliminarily discussed.

本文结合参与安徽省高速公路总公司根式基础课题组的工作，应用三维有限元软件对根式基础与普通沉井基础进行了竖向抗压抗拔承载力，水平抗推承载力数值模拟对比，说明根式基础在工程应用上的潜力，并对根式基础的受力机理进行了初步探讨。

Problems of single footing are classifying about results、determination of dimension of combinational column on combinational foundation、determination of bending moment on superface of combinational foundation and determination of partly press area when there is angel between column and foundation; the problems of strip foundation are determination of torsional moment on some section in checking torsion resist.

独立基础中的问题主要是基础计算结果的归并、双柱合并基础合柱尺寸的确定、双柱合并基础顶面弯矩的求法及柱相对基础有转角时局部受压计算底面积的确定；柱下条形基础的问题是抗扭验算中总扭矩不为0情况下截面扭矩的确定。

By the numerical analysis of the ultimate bearing capacity of two- and three-dimensional footing under combined loading mode, the results show that the effect of alteration of underground water lever on bearing capacity of three-dimensional foundation is more than on that of two-dimensional foundation, the effect of soil gravity on bearing capacity of three-dimensional foundation is more than that of two-dimensional foundation. At the same time, the numerical calculation process of ABAQUS indicates that whether the geostatic stress is balanced or not has great effect on the numerical convergence. In view of the effect extent of dilation angle of soil on the ultimate bearing capacity and the failure pattern of foundation, the condition of two-dimensional plane strain is higher than that of the three-dimensional foundation.

复合加载模式下，通过对三维矩形基础和二维条形基础进行数值分析，结果表明：黏性土地基中地下水位的变化，对三维矩形基础极限承载力的影响程度高于对二维条形基础的影响；在求解地基极限承载力的过程中，土体重度对三维矩形基础的影响明显高于对二维条形基础的影响，同时ABAQUS数值计算过程表明，地基土体地应力能否合理平衡，对数值求解过程中是否收敛有很大的影响；就土体剪胀角对地基极限承载力的影响程度而言，二维平面应变情况下土体剪胀角对极限承载力的影响比三维情况下的影响更明显，即土体剪胀角对条形基础极限承载力的影响高于三维矩形基础。

After the party coming into power and the development of socialist market economy,the class basis and the mass basis have changed, which must be comprehended correctly bythe party if it wants to make being advanced effectuated. The party should increase its classbasis and widen its mass basis according to the requirements of the age.

在执政、特别是发展社会主义市场经济的历史条件下，党的阶级基础和群众基础都发生了的深刻变化，马克思主义政党要实现自身的先进性，必须正确认识党的阶级基础和群众基础的历史性变化，根据时代对党的先进性的要求，努力增强党的阶级基础，扩大党的群众基础。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。