基本原则

This course focuses on the foundation for chirurgery, common surgical diseases, surgical operations, etc. The objectives of this course are 1 to help students to master the basic theories, knowledge and techniques, the causes, pathogenic mechanism and clinical manifestations of common surgical diseases, and the principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases, 2 to help them get familiar with the indications and contraindications; and 3 to train students of the basic surgical performances outside the classroom and foster their aseptic concepts.

本课程包括外科基础、外科常见疾病、外科手术学等内容，使学生掌握外科学基础理论、基本知识、基本技能；掌握外科常见疾病的病因、病理、临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断、预防和治疗原则；熟悉手术的适应症和禁忌症，训练学生外科手术学基本操作和培养学生严格的无菌观念。

The objective and impartial principle is essentially the combination of the principle of objectivity and the principle of impartiality,thus it has fundamental contents of two aspects.

客观公正原则实质上是客观性原则和公正原则的结合，因而具有两个方面的基本内容。

However, the government domination principle is not absolutely better than market principle. Therefore, the borderline and the characters of the government responsibility should be defined clearly and market reform should not be advanced blindly, and at the same time different governments need to discern and choose emphases and their own responsibilities according to different time and regions and ensure the implementation of government domination principle in the present practice.

但是政府主导原则不等于无条件地优于市场原则，因此明确政府职责边界和政府责任特征，在避免盲目推进基本养老保障市场化改革的同时，还要求不同层级政府在不同时间和地域对其承担责任的侧重点和功能有所区分并相机抉择，保证政府主导原则在当前实践中的有效贯彻。

Principles of sustainable development, including principle of emphasizing development, equity, sustainability, intercommunity, are basic guidelines for sustainable forest management.

可持续发展的原则，包括强调发展、公平性、持续性、共同性等原则，是森林可持续经营的基本指导原则。

Up to now, most of the economists insist on efficiency in Social Security. After the analysis of the character and status of Basic Endowment Insurance, based on Keynesianism, I brought forward that Social Security, especially the Endowment Insurance System, should insist on the fair as the most important things.

笔者在分析基本养老保险的性质及其在中国经济发展中所占地位的基础上，结合凯恩斯的经济学思想，提出了社会保障，特别是基本养老保险体系要以"公平"为原则的经济学观点，并采用社会学和经济学相结合的分析方法，运用统计和精算原理，通过实证分析对于我国基本养老保险的公平问题进行了研究。

Principle of law reservation is aimed to limit administrative right,and protect people'S basic rights.

法律保留原则旨在限制行政权、保护人民的基本权利，它是依法行政原则的一个重要的次原则。

It wants to keep neutrality of the judge, prevent misusing of the accusatorial power and strengthen the accused. At present, almost all of the students consider it as a fundamental principle in criminal proceedings and point out some drawbacks in the trial stage of criminal proceedings in China. But that is not systematic and overall. Meanwhile the historical, relative and theory-to-practice methods were used in the article. On base of studying the historical development and analyzing the meaning and main demands of it, the article come up with many reformatory suggestions for thoroughgoing implementing it according to the drawbacks of criminal proceedings in China: establishing judicial review and letting no-trial judge inspect accusation before the trial, restricting strictly judge's conduct of changing accusation and inspecting out of court, upbuilding partly investigating system, forbidding judge to initiate retrial which is harmful to the accused.

本文运用了历史的、比较的和理论联系实际的方法，从研究控审分离原则的历史沿革入手，深刻剖析了其理论内涵和基本要求，最后针对我国刑事诉讼中存在的不足之处，就彻底贯彻该原则提出了五点改革性意见：确立审前司法审查机制，使程序性裁判主体与控诉主体彻底分离；在公诉审查中，由独立于庭审法官的预审法官对公诉进行实体性审查；在一审程序中，对法院变更起诉以及庭外调查的行为给予严格的限制，防止法院在事实上承担追诉职能；在第二审程序中，废除全面审查原则，代之以部分审查方式；取消人民法院主动提起再审程序的权力，或者至少应当取消法院主动提起不利于被告人的再审程序的权力。

Besides, teachers should expose their thinking activeites consciously and motivate student's curiosity and creativity and creativity and enable them to work out the problems independantly.of coures,the exercises should be chosen withen students "the latest developing zore",which is a basical standard of evaluating the exercises teaching effectively.

进行有效的数学习题教学应把握问题逐次精化原则、有用知识合理整编原则与目的、材料、方法的有效统一原则；在习题教学中，注重暴露教师的思维活动和激发学生的好奇心与创造力，由学生主动独立进行活动，习题的选择在学生的能力的&最近发展区&内，是有效的数学习题教学的评价标准的基本标准。

And finally the section conies to the two principles of justice: one is the principle of equality in the political dimension and the other is the difference principle in the economic dimension.

最后讨论了罗尔斯的两个正义原则即基本自由权利方面的平等原则与社会和经济方面的差别原则。

The dissertation details the functions and characteristic of curves graph element, polygon graph element, character graph element, dimension graph element, parameter graph element, self-define graph element, and research comprehensively the methods describe and graph element attrib. After discussing the basic graph element collection, this thesis gives the description method, organization way, graph element visitation, save and load efficiency, suitability and so on of every element in the basic graph element collection in greater detail. The author provides a graph element data structure organized version which is length changeable and is a block storage record, and designs a new module of data, which can process both the geometry attrib and no geometry attrib of drawing element. Based on this, the data model of all kind of element is put forward.

对采矿CAD系统中基本图元集的构造原则和组织方法进行了研究，提出了一个7元素采矿CAD基本图元集构造方案；论文详细讨论了曲线图元、字符图元、尺寸标注图元、多边形图元、参数图元、自定义图元在采矿CAD系统中的作用和特点，并对各种图元的表述方法和图元属性及相应的库组织方式、存取效率进行了深入的研究，提出了一个&可变长记录块&图元库结构组织方案；通过对采矿CAD系统中基本图元数据模型的构造方法、存取结构和访问方式的研究，给出了一个用C++语言描述的采矿CAD系统基本图元数据模型及其数据存取结构。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。