基本原则

DATA SYNTHESIS: Ethics indicate the principles and guidelines for relationships between people. The ethics explored here refer to normative ethics. Generally, the basic ethical principles are: respect, beneficialness,balance and justice.

资料综合：伦理是指人与人之间相互关系的基本道理和准则，本文探讨的伦理学指规范伦理学，伦理学的通用原则包括尊重原则、受益原则、均衡原则、公平原则。

Firstly, the author starts with the basic theories of limitation of liability for maritime claims, giving descriptions of the concept of limitation of liability for maritime claims, its generation and development, its basic content and its connection with the unit limitation of liability. Basing on which and by comparing with the principle of full compensation of the traditional system of liability for civil damages, the author analyzes the unique principle of limited compensation of the system of limitation of liability for maritime claims and acknowledges the positive role such principle takes in the carriage by sea, international trade, marine insurance and salvage at sea.

首先，笔者从海事赔偿责任限制的基本理论入手，对海事赔偿责任限制的概念、形成和发展、基本内容及其与单位赔偿责任限制的关系进行了阐述；并在此基础上，通过对比传统民事损害赔偿制度的全面赔偿原则，分析了海事赔偿责任限制所特有的限制赔偿原则，并肯定了这一特点对海上运输、国际贸易、海上保险、海上救助的积极作用。

The principle of concentration, which is an important fundamental principle equal to the principles of publicity, orality and immediacy, lacks enough attention in China.

集中审理原则作为一个与公开审理原则、直接言词原则同等重要的基本审理原则，在我国尚没有引起足够的重视和关注。

Furthermore, guaranteeing the participance of the parties and the public, strengthening the dependency of the parties of the jurisdiction, and securing the realization of the principle of publicity, by the way of substantiation the process of trial. As a fundamental principle in trial, the principle of concentration definitely influences the hearing structure and the instance structure greatly, while substantiating the process of trial.

作为一项基本的审理原则，集中审理原则在充实庭审程序的同时，必然在审理结构和审级结构上发挥着巨大的作用：从横向上看，集中审理原则使一个充实的、独立的审前准备程序成为必要，以此维持"准备程序+集中审理"这一两阶段审理结构不至于变形；从纵向上看，集中审理原则要求当事人适时提出攻击防御方法，限制当事人在二审提出新的诉讼资料，以此充实第一审程序，减少不必要的上诉，保证整个审级结构不至于头重脚轻失去平衡。

The first section mainly introduced the rebus sic sicutibus principle concept and its historical evolution and the rationale, by its historical development process and in establishes in this principle process from its basic concept understanding the mainland legal system country and the English America legal system country to its rationale discussion and the dispute, causes us to understand what is the rebus sic sicutibus principle as well as world many countries must discuss this principle, as well as is discussing this principle time also has any type the viewpoint.

第一节主要介绍了情势变更原则的概念以及其历史沿革和理论基础，从其基本概念的理解以及其历史发展的过程和在建立这个原则过程中大陆法系国家和英美法系国家对其理论基础的探讨和争议，使我们明白到底什么是情势变更原则以及世界上的许多国家为什么要探讨这个原则，以及在探讨这个原则的时候又有着什么样的观点。

Some new basic concepts are proposed in this paper, including the approximation space of generalization, rough approximation axiom, disturbance set axiom, classification principle of rough set, principle of nondeterministic even set, principle classification, bit quantum symmetric classification, of concentration, game classification, quantum logic incomparable set, bit space set, protocol relation, rough set function of protocol relation, rough classification algebra, rough simple algebra, etc., and a guess is also proposed.

提出了广义近似空间、粗近似公理、干扰集公理、粗糙集的分类原则、粗选原则、不确定偶集原则、精选原则、对策分类、量子逻辑分类、bit量子对称分类、不可比集、bit空间集、协议关系、粗糙集函数、粗糙分类代数和粗糙单代数等基本概念，并提出了一个猜想；展示了一些新观点；基于协议关系构造了粗糙商代数和粗糙子代数，给出了回避-归并算法及算例。

Market-oriented economy needs fairness which is emphasized in civil commercial law,the basic law of market economy and is regarded as a abasic rule of responsidility attribution in the infringement of right act,which is an important part of civil commercial law.

市场经济需要公平，而市场经济的基本法律民商法中也必然强调公平，民商法的一个重要组成部分侵权行为法，把公平奉为一个基本的归责原则，然而围绕着它是不是一个应该存在的规则原则，是否真正体现了一种公平的观念，它的适用范围如何一直有诸多争议。

At the beginning of the paper, a literature review on the domestic and abroad researches of Container Terminal logistics system is provided introducing some computer simulating model technology apply case on Container Terminal logistics system on the domestic and abroad; secondly this article introduce the element and characteristics of Container Terminal operation system ,specially operation flow , controlling principle (including gate testing principle, ship controlling principle , quay operating principle , yard I/O operating principle , yard running system),followed by quality evaluating index and empiristic formulas of Container Terminal .

本文首先回顾了国内外集装箱码头物流系统的研究动态，介绍了国内外计算机仿真技术在集装箱码头物流系统仿真中的应用情况，然后介绍了集装箱码头作业系统的组成和特点，以及其装卸工艺、作业流程、操作原则(包括大门检查箱作业原则、船舶调度管理原则、码头前沿操作原则、堆场存取箱作业管理原则、堆场管理系统)，接着介绍集装箱码头系统的性能评价指标和码头通过能力经验公式及出入口车道数计算，并结合天津港集装箱码头物流系统的特点，系统地介绍了天津港集装箱码头的基本组成、布局、装卸工艺、作业流程后，评估了集装箱码头物流系统的相关性能指标，并结合实际码头的历史数据，介绍一些相关的经验公式。

Therefore, a nation needs to establish a matured human rights protection mechanism as soon as possible to ensure that the emergency powers can protect its fellow citizen's fundermental rights fully and effectively when an energency situation occurred, without abusing the administrative discretion. This paper discusses how to protect citizen's basic rights and how to improve the protection system in China in the state of emergency. The paper is divided into four parts: The introduction section describes how natural and man-made instability factors frequently caused emergent situations in the world, and how the nations objectively infringed upon citizen's basic rights in response to the crises. Then it introduces the central theme of discussion in this paper.

文章共分为四个部分：引言部分介绍了由于自然的和人为的不安定因素的存在使得世界各国紧急事件频发，国家为应对危机行使紧急权，却又在客观上侵害了公民基本权利，进而引出本论文的中心议题；第一章阐述紧急状态下公民基本权利保障理念，涉及了紧急状态的含义和特征，正常状态下与紧急状态下公民基本权利的内容，紧急状态下公民基本权利保障的必要性及其特点；然后通过了解国外紧急状态法律制度的相关规定并结合学界在这方面的认识，阐述了紧急状态下保障公民基本权利应遵循的原则；第二章研究紧急状态下公民基本权利保障制度。

There are two traditional ways of dividing the American Anthropology,oneis to divide it according to the line of substantivists and formalists,anotherway is to divide it into four categories:formalist,subtantivist,neo-maxistand economic ethnohistorian.

笔者认为，如果根据&四个基本一致&（即理论观点基本一致、研究方法上基本一致、政策主张、利益诉求上都基本一致）原则划分的话，则美国经济人类学应可划分为：以赫兹克维茨、斯内德尔为代表的形式主义流派，以波朗尼、多尔顿为代表的实在主义流派，以哈特、沃尔夫等为代表的新马克思主义流派和以威尔克等为代表的新广义派。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。