基本力

Five novel torsion-mirror optical actuators including double-beam thickness differential structure with single torsional axis, double flexible folded-beam structure with single torsional axis, double-beam vertical torsion comb structure with single torsion axis, four-beam differential compound-micromirror structure with double torsional axis and the combined structure of the four basis forms above, are brought forward. All of these devices could be fabricated by the same silicon micromachining process we have developed. The deformation compensation design with local enhancement for the thin torsional beam which is the key structure of these devices is also put forward to improve the reliability. The three-dimension solid model and two-dimension reduced order model of the torsion-mirror optical actuator are established and then the numerical simulations for evaluating the device characteristics of the statics, dynamics, electrostatic field, mechanical and electrostatic coupling, fluid and solid coupling are carried out to optimize the structure design. Furthermore, three optical fibre clamping structures which could be integrated monolithicly are designed and analyzed to improve the optical coupling capability. 4. Three flexible process flows combined with bulk silicon micromachining and surface silicon micromachining are brought forward to fabricate these novel single-crystal silicon or polysilicon torsion-mirror optical actuators by using the same lithography masks for both SOI wafer and regular silicon wafer. A series of important process experiments are carried out to optimize the process parameters and the process flows. Some novel and typical process phenomena which occurred during the microfabrication are analyzed and then the corresponding solutions are put forward. 5. A MEMS dynamic testing system which exploit blur image synthetic technique, stroboscopic image matching technique, stroboscopic mirau microscopic interferometry technique and microscopic laser dopper vibrometer technique is set up to measure three-dimension and six-freedom micro motions of any MEMS devices with nanometer resolution.

在对硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的光机电特性系统地理论研究的基础上提出了硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的结构设计准则。3、提出了单轴双梁厚度差分结构、单轴双柔性折叠梁结构、单轴双梁垂直扭转梳齿结构、双轴四梁差动复合微镜结构以及以上四种基本结构组合后的衍生结构等五种工艺加工技术兼容的新型的硅微机械扭转镜光致动器，对器件关键结构薄厚度、高耐疲劳扭转梁进行了局部加强的变形补偿设计，建立了器件的三维实体模型以及两维降阶模型，对提出的新结构硅微机械扭转镜光致动器进行了系统的静力学、动力学、静电场、力电耦合和流体固体耦合的建模仿真与优化设计，同时设计并分析了三种可实现单芯片集成的弹性光纤定位夹紧结构。4、提出了组合体硅微加工技术与表面硅微加工技术、兼容同一套光刻版图、可分别基于SOI 晶片和普通Si 晶片、适应于制造提出的各种新结构单晶硅和多晶硅硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的三套柔性加工工艺流程，开展了一系列重要工艺步骤的单项工艺试验，对工艺流程与工艺参数进行了优化，针对加工过程中出现的具有普遍意义的典型工艺问题进行了讨论和分析，并提出了解决方法。5、创新性地将模糊图像合成技术、频闪图像匹配技术、频闪Mirau 显微干涉技术与显微激光多普勒测振技术有机结合，建立起了一套周期运动测量与瞬态运动测量相结合、单点运动测量与全视场运动测量相结合、满足不同MEMS 器件各种动态测试要求的集成的MEMS 三维六自由度微运动精密测量系统。

This paper systematically introduces the basic principle and advantages of magnetic particle inspection, the stress analysis of the oil drill collar and the magnetic particle inspection for the screw thread of the oil drill collar.

本文系统介绍磁粉检测基本原理及优点，石油钻铤的受力分析，石油钻铤螺纹的磁粉检测。

The results show that the microstructure of ventra1 scale for python was composed of micro-convex and plank structure that was periodically arranged, it was mensurable and could be described by 9 characteristic parameters. Its surface was different in their forward and backward lean angle. The frictional coefficient of the ventra1 scale had closely relationship with moving direction, it decreased with the increasing load. The value of the frictional coefficient was about 0.07. The frictional coefficient while python moved backward and laterally were equal, and that was 33% more than that moved ahead. The frictional force of the ventra1 scale surface was caused by mechanical tooth function of micro-convex, acting intermolecular force and material's elastic hysteresis. The difference of forward and behind bevel for micro-convex was the anisotropy reason of frictional force.

结果表明：腹鳞表面的微观结构由指状微突体和板结构部分周期排列而成，其结构可用9个特征参数定量描述；腹鳞表面摩擦力由分子作用力、表面微突体的犁沟力、楔形作用力以及材料弹性滞后共同引起；腹鳞表面的摩擦系数在0.07左右并与运动方向有关，摩擦系数随载荷增加而减小；后向运动及左、右侧向运动时摩擦系数基本相等，比前向运动时高33%左右；腹鳞表面微突体不同方向上倾斜角度的差异是引起摩擦各向异性的主要原因。

This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion.

这是电磁推进力的基本原理。

The molecular aggregation with various functions in the body is formed through hydrogen bond, electrostatic force, Van der waals force and hydrophobic force between biomacromolecules and small molecules, and between the biomacromolecules.

在生命体系中，核酸、蛋白质和糖类是生物体的三大基本要素，生物大分子间以及生物大分子与在生命过程中起重要作用的有机小分子通过氢键、电荷相互作用、范德华力以及疏水作用等分子间作用力组成各种功能特殊的分子集合体。

Elaborated the punching components formation principle, the basic dies structure and the rate process and the principle of design; and designed some conventional punching die:the die for big diameter three direction pipe which solved the problom of traditional machining,the drawing and punching compound die with float punch-matrix,the drawing and cutting compound dies with unaltered press,the compound die for the back bowl of the noise keeper,the design of the compound die which could produce two workpieces in one punching,the bending die for the ring shape part ,the bending die which used the gemel ,automate loading die for cutting, the drawing,punching and burring compound dies with sliding automated loading,the punching die for the long pipe with two row of hole,the drawing die for the square box shape workpiece and the burring die for the box shape workpiece.

本文对冷冲压技术的分类、特点及发展方向作了简略概述；论述了冲压零件的形成原理、基本模具结构与运动过程及其设计原理；对典型的冲压件模具进行了设计：大直径三通管冲压复合模设计解决了大直径三通管的加工难题、带有浮动凸凹模的拉伸冲孔复合模设计、适力压边式落料拉伸切边复合模设计、消音器后补碗落料、拉深、冲孔、翻边复合模设计、一模两件落料拉伸冲孔翻边复合模设计、环形弯曲件的模具设计、铰链卷圆成形工艺及模具设计、半自动送料切角装置设计、滑板式送料拉深、冲孔、翻边模设计实现自动送料、长管多孔冲模设计、带凸缘台阶方盒形零件拉深模和盒形件侧壁小孔翻孔模。

Elaborated the punching components formation principle, the basic dies structure and the rate process and the principle of design; and designed some conventional punching die:the die for big diameter three direction pipe which solved the problom of traditional machining,the drawing and punching compound die with float punch-matrix,代写医学论文,the drawing and cutting compound dies with unaltered press,the compound die for the back bowl of the noise keeper,the design of the compound die which could produce two workpieces in one punching,the bending die for the ring shape part ,the bending die which used the gemel ,automate loading die for cutting, the drawing,punching and burring compound dies with sliding automated loading,the punching die for the long pipe with two row of hole,the drawing die for the square box shape workpiece and the burring die for the box shape workpiece.

本文对冷冲压技术的分类、特点及发展方向作了简略概述；论述了冲压零件的形成原理、基本模具结构与运动过程及其设计原理；对典型的冲压件模具入行了设计：大直径三通管冲压复合模设计盖世了大直径三通管的加工难题、带有浮动凸凹模的拉伸冲孔复合模设计、适力压边式落料拉伸切边复合模设计、消音器后补碗落料、拉深、冲孔、翻边复合模设计、一模两件落料拉伸冲孔翻边复合模设计、环形弯曲件的模具设计、铰链卷圆成形工艺及模具设计、半自动送料切角装置设计、滑板式送料拉深、冲孔、翻边模设计实现自动送料、长管多孔冲模设计、带凸缘台阶方盒形零件拉深模和盒形件侧壁小孔翻孔模。

It is provided with a reinforcing ring for the connection of the hemispherical head and the cylinder and is safe in use, reasonable in structure, convenient in fabrication, and low in cost.

介绍了这种容器的基本结构及特点，并以加强箍及其附近的半球形封头和筒体为研究对象，利用有限元计算和应力实测结果对其受力特点作了深入分析，提出了工程设计方法，对比分析了其应力集中系数、质量和制造难易程度。

Assisting with the main requirement to nanoindentation test, the mechanism of precision loading device was designed and analyzed, and the scheme to realize nanoindentation test of diamond indenter under the help of hybrid process of piezoelectric stack and flexure hinges was established. The force signal of nanoindentation was measured via flexure hinge based on Hooke's law.

结合纳米压痕测试的基本要求，对精密加载装置进行了结构设计分析，建立了以压电叠堆推动柔性铰链推进单晶金刚石工具头实现压痕测试的方案，依据胡克定律利用柔性铰链敏感单元实现对压入力信号的检测。

At last, the experiment of tube hydroforming was carried out in the guidance of the theory analysis. Experimental results of different load path are presented and the rule of the effect of internal pressure and axial force are studied. Based on the experiment, the basic rule of load control method is also discussed.

在分析的基础上，本文还完成了不同的轴向力和内压匹配作用下管坯内高压成形过程的实验工作，得到了不同工艺参数对零件成形的影响规律，还在实践的基础上提出控制加载的基本原则。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。