基本

This paper also establishes two basic or extreme forms and a medium structural form of the supply chain by reviewing the relative literatures. It is pointed out that the complete integrated supply chain, one of the two basic forms, is noneffective, while the potential efficiency of the complete competing market or network, the another one of the two basic forms, is usually unavailable.

接着，本文确立了供应链结构的两种基本范式和中间范式，并指出，作为基本范式之一的完全一体化的供应链是无效的，而另一个基本范式—完全竞争的市场和网络范式的有效性一般不易获得，只有介于两种基本范式之间的半一体化的供应链其效率水平是可以接受的，从而也是最常见的。

This course consist of the following contents: the basic law of chemistry reaction, Chemical Thermodynamics, Chemical Equilibrium, chemical dynamics, modern basic knowledge about substance structure theory, the four ionic equilibrium in the water solution, Colligative Properties of Dilute Nonelectrolyte Solution, and Colloid.

本课程主要包含以下内容：化学反应的基本规律、介绍化学热力学、化学平衡、化学动力学基本原理、基本知识。近代物质结构理论基础知识。水溶液中的四大离子平衡。稀溶液通性和胶体溶液基本知识。

We consider Theorem 1 to be highly significant and apply it to obtaining the rank of a certain augmentation quotient group by proposing Theorem 3 and giving its complete proof.

应用具有Np-序列有限p-群的特殊性质和重量函数，基本序列等概念以及已有的一些结果，分别研究了类为1的pk(k 2)阶A bel基本p-群和类为2的p4阶基本p-群之增广商群Qn的结构，得到了当n足够大时Qn作为A bel基本p-群的秩。

The measurement system error model analysis is introduced into power system real time network state analysis as an important part for the first time, which can improve on the state estimation quality and provide the capability to monitor the operation of the measurement system; 2. The theory and algorithm of the on-line estimation and update of measurement noise variance based on the relation between the residual variance and noise variance. The statistic properties of the sample variance are discussed and the relation between the estimation precision and sample size under given confidence level is derived; 3. The theory and algorithm of detection and identification of measurement bias are presented, which is based on the relation between residual mean and noise mean. The statistic properties of sample mean are discussed and the relation between estimation precision and sample size is derived; 4. The Givens orthogonal transformation algorithm is selected to be the essential algorithm of state estimation, the fast orthogonal transformation algorithm with damp factor and the algorithm which can handle the zero injection measurements efficiently are presented; 5. The quantity analysis theory of bad data detectivity and identifibility are presented, which describes the relation between the elements in matrix W〓 and bad data amplitude and can provide the theory base for measurement system design and valuation.

一、首次将量测系统误差模型分析做为一个环节引入电力系统实时网络状态分析中，为EMS系统增加了实时监视系统运行、修正量测系统误差模型的新功能，进一步发挥了实时网络状态分析应用软件的潜力；二、首次提出了应用样本方差在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的基本理论，讨论了样本方差的统计性质和概率分布，推导出了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的关系，给出了在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的算法；三、首次提出了应用样本均值在线检测与辨识量测偏差的基本理论，讨论了样本均值的统计性质，推导了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的基本关系，给出了在线检测与辨识量测偏差的算法；四、在状态估计算法设计中，以Givens变换算法做为基本算法，提出了快速正交变换阻尼因子法和可以有效地处理零注入量测的混合法，并对实时应用中的一些问题进行了讨论；五、提出了不良数据可检测性与可辨识性的定量分析理论，揭示了描述量测系统配置、网络结构与参数的残差灵敏度矩阵中的元素与不良数据的幅值在可检测、可辨识能力上的定量关系，为量测系统配置设计与评价提供了理论基础；六、综合国内外最新研究成果，采用自适应自回归预测技术和稀疏矢量技术，构造了较完善的不良数据检测与辨识算法。

When a basic kinematic chain reaches a singular configuration, the complex linkage is at a singular position.

即对组成复杂机构的数量有限的基本运动链进行奇异分析，推导出这些复杂基本运动链产生奇异位置构型的奇异性条件，然后将之看作是复杂机构和操作手奇异分析的基本模块；只要一个基本运动链达到奇异位置时，该复杂机构即处于奇异位置。

In Chapter 2, we recapitulate some fundamental definitions and propositions of topological degrees and some fundamental results about the computation of topological degrees;in Chapter 3, applying relative definitions and propositions of topological degrees, we establish product formulae of topological degrees in product space, in particular, the product formula of fixed point index on product cone, moreover, combining with the fundamental propositions and the computation of fixed point index, we obtain some fixed point theorems on product cone.

为此，在第二章中，我们给出了拓扑度的基本概念和性质以及拓扑度计算方面的基本结果；在第三章中，运用拓扑度的有关知识，我们建立了乘积空间中各类映射的拓扑度的乘积公式，特别是乘积锥上的紧连续映射的不动点指数的乘积公式，进一步，结合不动点指数的基本性质和不动点指数计算方面的基本结果，得到了乘积锥上的若干不动点定理。

We demonstrate that basic discriminating color words have some semantic changes at word-formation level and have two basic expressive functions (the discrimination of color and the description of color) at syntactic level; they also can designate color in certain contexts, but have some syntactic restrictions and markings. We also demonstrate that designative color words have two basic expressive functions at syntactic level: the designation of color and the discrimination of color, and they can also describe color in certain contexts; and that descriptive color words only have expressive function of describing color at syntactic level.

指出基本辨色词在构词层面存在着语义变异，在句法层面的基本表达功能是分辨色彩和描绘色彩，指称色彩时有句法限制和形式标记；指色词的基本表达功能是指称色彩和分辨色彩，描绘色彩时有句法限制和形式标记；描色词的基本表达功能是描绘色彩，不能指称色彩，一般也不用作分辨色彩。

This thesis starts with analysis of the practical advantages of electronic business comparing with the traditional ones and the basic conditions of developing electronic business. It claims that taxation is a difficult point of electronic business, and points out fell main problems of taxation on the reference of methods of basic problems coped with electronic business by some international organizations and governments. On the base of this, it attempts to point out the basic clues of resolving the problems in commercial taxation of China today and our counter-measures and suggestions. And this can serve for the administration of taxation in China, promoting it to link with internation as soon as possible and become one of the strong countries, which is internationlization ineconomic information.

本文从分析电子商务与传统商务相比较的现实优越性及发展电子商务的基本条件入手，认为税收问题是电子商务的难点；并通过借鉴国际组织和各国政府对电子商务税收问题的基本处理作法，进一步提出电子商务中的几个主要税收问题；在此基础上，通过借鉴国际上对电子商务税收问题处理的基本经验和作法，试图提出解决现阶段我国电子商务税收问题的基本思路和应采取的对策与建议，以期使我国税收管理尽快与国际相接轨，迎头赶上国际经济信息化发展的新浪潮。

Botanical experiments are one of important parts linked to the theoretical study of Botany. Through the experiments, students are required to understand the basic theory, knowledge and skills in relation to botanical experiments and study of plants. With the methods and skills learned, students are expectedto have the ability to study the morphogenesis and structure of plant organs in plant ontogenesis as well as morphological characteristics of main plant groups, representative plants, and their positions in plant kingdom and evolution in phylogeny.

植物学实验是植物学理论联系实际的重要课程之一，通过对本课程的学习，要求学生掌握植物学实验的基本理论和基本知识，以及研究植物的一些基本方法和基本技能，并运用这些方法和技能去研究植物个体发育中植物器官的形态建成与结构；学习植物系统发育过程中植物界各大类群主要的形态特征、代表植物，它们在植物界中的地位及演化规律。

Chapter 4 of this dissertation has carried out a physical simulation study about the processes of formation and laws of evolution of the fan delta in Baimiao gas field. Based on the results of the study about the geological background in this area, this paper has discussed about the sedimentation facies marks for the fan delta in Baimiao gas field, worked out a detailed proposal about the development of physical simulation experiment about the fan delta, and described in detail the general laws and major controlling factors governing the sedimentation processes of the fan delta. A detailed measurement was made about the experimental results, and a systematic comparison was made relative to the prototypic characteristics. Based on the observation and description about the experimental processes and the analyses about the experimental results, this paper has give

在本章中，指出了数值模拟研究的基本特点，给出了扇三角洲形成过程的基本控制方程和数学解法：在此基础上设计和开发了扇三角洲形回成过程的平面二维数值模拟软件，并对计算过程中所遇到的主要问题一计算速度较慢开展研究，对比了以天、旬、月为时间单元进行汁算对沉积结果的影响，研究认为，在流量无突变的情况下，可以适当增长计算的时间步长和适当放松精度要求；根据白庙气田扇三角洲的基本地质特征设计了数值模拟计算的基本条件，以月为单位，计算了扇三角洲四百年的形成过程及演化规律，并以50年为单位输出沉积结果；本章最后还对数值模拟方法及结果进行了讨论。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。