基层

Combination of historical data and research results of others,it found inmodern times since the late imperial city of Shanghai has a highly developed networkof associations,which formed a relatively independent social space in grass-roots.Until the Nationalist government entered the stage,through the restructuring ofsociety grass-roots network and the establishment of the neighborhood Bao-jia system,only the initial realization of administerial control and penetration in the urbanneighborhood.

结合史料和他人研究成果发现，帝国晚期以来的近代上海都市具有高度发达的社团网络，其城市基层社会社团交错、帮会林立，形成一个相对独立于国家的自主空间，直至国民政府登场，通过重组社团网络以及在里弄基层建立保甲制度，才开始初步实现对城市邻里空间的控制和渗透。

In order for the feature film can be named, or a negative film, photographic emulsions in upper or lower.

为了便于定名，胶片可以不正片也可以是负片，感光乳剂在基层或在基层。

The local peasant undergoes the process of class differentiation within rural village. From the 1980s onwards, they are under the pressure of proletarianization. They lost farm land and advantages in local market. These transformations change the social division of labor in rural village. The only way against this process is the expansion of village government and its administrative power. The need of strengthening security force leads to more recruitment of young people. It mitigates the pressure of proletarianization and forms the basis of the local society.

至於本地农民，他们经历了农村内部的阶级分化。80年代后，农民面对无产阶级化压力增加，农民失去土地，在地方市场上也开始失去优势，这些正在改变著农村的社会分工，唯一减慢或转化这个过程的是，农村基层组织的膨胀及吸纳，由於其基层管理权力的膨胀，以及加强治安能力的需要，增聘了不少年青劳动力，稍为纾缓了部份无产阶级化的压力，同时形成了本地社群的基础。

Based on the research, results from home and abroad, according to the characteristic of the widely-adopted semi-rigid pavement, the thesis studies the cold in-place recycling technology, and proposes the method of the mixture design of cold in-place recycling, the reasonable ratio of the pavement to the base and the amount of cement utilized. Moreover, the thesis delves on the mechanical property, construction craft and quality control of the old asphalt mixture after recondition, how to apply the recycling mixture to the base, and cater to the needs of performance.

本文在国内外已有研究成果的基础上，根据国内普遍采用半刚性基层沥青面层这一结构特点，研究旧沥青路面的现场冷再生技术，提出了冷再生混合料的配合比设计方法，合理的基、面层掺配比例及水泥剂量，深入研究了旧沥青路面材料再生后的力学性能、施工工艺以及质量控制及检测，并将再生的混合料应用于路面基层，满足相应的路用性能要求。

People's basic rights are safeguarded by the constitution. The constitutional government is the value request and regular pattern of development of modern political system movement .

这种国情决定了：中国的宪政建设不能忽视农村基层民主宪政，没有农村基层民主宪政化，就不会有整个国家的民主宪政化。

Combined with the condition of crack in concrete construction, the author analyzes the causes of cement stabilized sand gravel base course crack from dry shrinkage of mixture,temperature contraction,uneven settlement of roadbed and construction quality of base course,and introduces relevant preventive and control measures for it,which to ensure highway construction quality.

结合具体工程裂缝产生的状况，从混合料的干缩、温度收缩、路基不均匀沉降、基层施工质量四方面分析了水泥稳定砂砾基层裂缝的产生原因，并介绍了相应的裂缝预防控制措施，有利于公路建设质量。

Natural sand and gravel is plentiful in our country, but in most time it is used in sub-base. In order to make use of the resource and control the cost, The paper introduced lime-ash fly stabilized sand and gravel and cement stabilized sand and gravel which are used in base of second road asphalt pavement.

我国天然砂砾蕴藏丰富，但多用于底基层和垫层，为充分利用资源、控制成本，本文对天然砂砾在二级公路沥青路面二灰砂砾和水泥稳定砂砾基层的应用进行了研究。

Careful and detailed analyses were made on the causes for nonloading cracks in semirigid road pavements from the aspects of the subbase course,base course and bituminous surface course of a highway to discover the main factors causing these cracks.

本文通过从路面的底基层、基层和沥青路面三个方面对半刚性路面非荷载性裂缝产生的原因进行了细致分析，找出了裂缝产生的主要因素，并从设计和施工角度提出了一些减少裂缝、延长路面使用寿命的方法。

Regeneration aggregate can substitute natural aggregate and be used for highway base and subbase aggregate.

得出再生集料可以替代天然集料用于高等级公路基层和底基层的结论。

This paper discusses the applicability of the pavement subbase made from cold recycling mixture which uses cement as additives.

讨论了利用水泥为添加剂的冷再生混合料形成路面基层的适用性；在参照国内外技术的基础上，结合城市道路的具体情况，研究适用于城市道路现状的基层冷再生施工工艺；研究旧路就地冷再生施工时，对于路基承载能力的测定方法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。