基因等位

The majority of the loci are at the autosome and five loci at the Z chromosome.Four loci have multiple allelic series.

这些基因座多数位于常染色体上，有5 个基因座位于Z染色体上，有4 个基因座存在有复等位基因系列。

The results showed that:(1) we can mapping quantitative trait locus while estimating the variance component of QTL;(2) granddaughter design is better than daughter design when mapping QTL;(3) it is easy to map a QTL for trait with a high heriability and a large QTL variance contribution;(4) we can estimate the variance component of a QTL by TM-BLUP based on ML method whether the QTL has only 2 alleles or QTL has normal distributed alleles effects;(5) the estimation accuracy of variance component contributed by QTL was improved by using of grand daughter design;(6) the higher the heritability and the QTL variance contribution was, the more accurate estimation of QTL variance component.

结果表明：（1）采用随机QTL效应模型和最大似然法，在估计QTL方差组分的同时，能够定位QTL；（2）孙女设计与女儿设计相比，在其它因素相同时，容易检出QTL；（3）遗传力高，QTL方差贡献较大的性状，QTL检出的效果优于遗传力低，QTL方差贡献较小的性状；（4）无论QTL上有2个等位基因，还是QTL上等位基因的效应服从正态分布，都可将其看作随机效应，采用基于TM-BLUP的ML法，估计其方差组分和定位QTL；（5）QTL方差组分估计的准确性，孙女设计高于女儿设计；（6）遗传力高的性状，QTL方差贡献大的QTL，QTL方差组分估计的准确性高。

Methods Fifty pairs of fresh colorectal cancer and homologous normal tissues were genotyped with Identifiler Kit and the mutations generated in cancer tissues were determined. The mutation rates, the numbers of locus matched without identical allele (A0), 1 identical allele (A1), or 2 identical alleles (A2) and the number of total identical alleles IA(subscript n were calculated. Frequency distributions of A0, A1, A2 and IA were compared among CR-N group, unrelated individual pairs and full sibling pairs. Discrimination functions were established for individual identification from tumor tissues with discriminatory analysis.

用Identifiler系统对50对新鲜结直肠癌组织及其身源正常组织组进行STR分型，计算CR-N组中变异STR基因座及全不同基因座数(A0)、半相同基因座数(A1)、全相同基因座数(A2)和共有等位基因数IA(下标 n，比较CR-N组、无关个体对组和全同胞对组中上述参数的分布差异，通过判别分析建立判别函数。

According to the collecting geographic sites of IW3 and IW10 in Israel and the SSR mapping data, MlIW3 and MlIW10 appear to be the same or allelic to wild emmer derived powdery mildew resistance gene Pm41 or in the same cluster with it.

根据MUW3和MlIW10的来源和分子标记定位结果，推断这两个基因可能是小麦抗白粉病基因Pm41或其等位基因或位于同一个基因簇中。

The result implied that genotype BG of MCW0294 and genotype JL of MCW0258 may be regarded as candidate locus for early assistant selection markers in egg shape index and haugh unit traits of silkies.At the same time, we found some alleles associated with egg quality traits:(1) Means of shell strength for genotype AG and BG of MCW0258 were significantly higher than those of HO and JO.

在多重比较过程中，发现了几个与蛋品质性状显著相关的等位基因：①标记MCWO258中，AG基因型的蛋壳强度均值最高，HO基因型的蛋壳强度均值最低，二者差异显著；BG基因型的蛋壳强度均值较高，JO基因型的蛋壳强度均值较低，二者差异显著。

No fragments were amplified from some loci of EST-SSRs, which may suggest the loss of these loci in mirror carp genome or sequence divergence at the primer binding sites. These null alleles may result from selection because functional genes are under more selection pressure than non-encoding loci. Overall, population genetic variation is high for each of the five mirror carp, and the differentiations are also significant among populations.

3在与功能基因相关的多个微卫星基因座位上，扩增产物呈现不同程度的缺失现象，这些无效等位基因的产生可能与结构基因在育种中受到人工选择的影响较大有关。

The frequencies of genotypes were significantly different among the lines (P.001), with BB genotype primarily existing in HU-Yang,++ genotype in Chinese Merino monotocous line, and B+ genotype in Chinnese Merino multiparous lines.

等位基因型频率在各品种间差异极显著（P.001），在湖羊中以BB基因型为主，在中国美利奴单胎品系中以++基因型为主，而在中国美利奴肉用和毛用多胎品系中以B+基因型为主。

Thus, if height is controlled by two genes, A and B, and tall and short forms are determined by dominant and recessive alleles respectively, then the cross Aabb × aaBB would give an F1 AaBb, containing both dominant genes for tallness.

假设，高度性状是由两个基因 A 和 B 共同控制，且高与矮两种表型分别为等位基因中的显性和隐性基因所决定，那么， Aabb × aaBB 杂交的结果是 F1代为 AaBb ，含有决定高性状的两个显性基因。

This study intends to investigate the correlation between HBV-GN and HLA-DR allele by testing the frequency of HLA-DR gene in HBV-GN patients, to probe into the effect of immunogenetic factor on the pathogenic mechanism of HBV-GN at the genic level and further explore susceptibility gene and/or resistance gene associated with HBV-GN disease, so as to provide certain experimental basis for diagnosis and treatment of HBV-GN.

本研究拟通过检测HBV-GN患者的HLA-DR的基因频率，对HBV-GN与HLA-DR等位基因相关性进行研究，从基因水平探讨免疫遗传因素在HBV-GN发病机制中的作用，并进一步探索HBV-GN疾病相关的易感基因和/或抗性基因，从而为HBV-GN的诊断和治疗提供一定的实验依据。

The genetic study suggested that the carbendazim-resistance in these mutants could be steadily inherited by asexual and selfed reproduction, and the resistance was controlled by the same single major gene both in laboratory mutants and field resistant isolates, the different levels of resistance or the same resistant level in different strains maybe conferred by mutations at different sites or one site with different allelic mutations. The gene compensates for the sensitivity to MDPC was allelic to that governs the carbendazim resistance, but the mutation for increasing sensitivity to MDPC in this gene could get the pathogen highly resistant to carbendazim.

抗药性遗传研究表明，在所研究的抗药突变体中，抗药性在自交和无性繁殖后代中能稳定遗传；室內抗药突变体和田间抗药菌株对多菌灵的抗药性由同一个主效基因控制，但它们发生突变的位点不同或者同一碱基位点发生了不同的突变；对MDPC的敏感性也是由单个基因控制的，该基因与控制多菌灵抗性的基因是等位基因，当该基因发生对MDPC的敏感性增加的突变时会使病菌对多菌灵产生高水平抗性。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。