基因型

We studied the optimizaiton, accuracy and reliability of this technique by definition the genotype of five common mutation loci of β-globin gene in the carrier with CD41-42 mutation and that of β-globin gene of normal people's single lymphocyte and single blastomere.

我们采用了一种利用单细胞标本通过二重巢式PCR并结合ARMS技术确定中国人群中广泛的β-地中海贫血突变谱的基因型的策略，通过对含有β-珠蛋白基因CD41-42突变的携带者5个该基因常见突变位点基因型的确定，以及正常人的单个淋巴细胞、单卵裂球的β-珠蛋白基因该5个位点基因型的确定，对这种技术条件的优化、准确性和可靠性进行了研究。

1Niche construction can lead to stable coexistence of diverse genotypes in spatially structured population, which supports a stable polymorphism even without heterozygote superiority.(2)With habitat deterioration, niche construction accelerates the formation of steady polymorphism and hence impedes the harmful influences of environment on the population, which might embody a life-history strategy of organism under the unfavorable environment.(3)Niche construction results in the coexistence with alternative polymorphism through genotype-environment feedback and limited gene flow.(4)The niche-constructing organism is an active force to alter its environment and hence the direction of natural selection in order to better survival.(5)Spatial dynamics and distribution pattern of metapopulation are profoundly influenced by time-lagged niche construction.(6)Metapopulation size can reach a fixed level in the recency effect and equal weighting of time lag but is statistical stability in primacy effect, which implies the primacy effect is most remarkable.(7)The increment in the relative weightingof each generation\' niche construction and the length of time lag are significant factors for system destabilization.(8)Moderate capacity of positive niche construction benefits the metapopulation persistence.(9)The narrowing of niche breadth can decrease the metapopulation size and thereby increase the extinction risk.(10)The coupled function of time lag and niche construction make the system oscillation and generate the spiral wave, spiral-broken and circular wave in heterogeneous habitat.The spatial distributions of metapopulation and resource content are complementary due to a phase lag of their both frequencies.(12)Metapopulation persistence with niche construction depends not only on the balance between colonization and extinction, but also on the balance between the ability of niche construction and natural dissipation of habitat.(13)Metapopula-tion can survive under certain condition when the percent of suitable patches in habitat is lower than the ration of extinction to colonization.(14)Two thresholds exist in the process of transition of habitat quality dynamics from unsuitable to suitable, which include the intensity of niche construction and the initial condition of system.(15)Metapopulation size is positive correlated with the ability of positive niche construction, which means that organism or population who has strongly positive influences on their environment plays an important role to maintain the available habitat.

通过上述几个方面的研究，主要得出以下15条结论：(1)生态位构建可使空间结构种群，甚至是在没有杂合子优势的条件下，形成多种可能的稳定基因型分布模式；(2)随着环境的破坏与恶化，种群的生态位构建作用加速其较早形成稳定多态以阻碍环境对种群的不利影响，解释了有机体在不利环境下的一种生活史对策；(3)生态位构建作用通过基因型—环境反馈机制及有限的基因交流导致基因型多态的稳定共存；(4)有机体的生态位构建作用是一种积极的动力改变环境进而改变其自然选择的方向；(5)生态位构建的时滞作用对集合种群动态和空间分布产生深刻影响；(6)集合种群大小在时滞的崭新效应和等权重效应下达到一固定值，而在首位效应下达到统计稳定，表明首位效应的影响最显著；(7)首位效应下生态位构建相对权重的增量和时滞的长度是影响系统不稳定性动态的关键因素；(8)适中的生态位构建强度有利于集合种群的续存；(9)生态位宽度变窄会减少集合种群的数量从而增加其灭绝风险；(10)时滞和生态位构建的双重作用使系统产生周期振荡，并在异质性环境中产生稳定的螺旋波，破碎的螺旋波和环形波三种分布模式；(11)集合种群与资源含量的空间分布因为相滞而互补；(12)具有生态位构建的集合种群续存不仅取决于侵占率与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且依赖于生态位构建能力同其生境的自然消耗速率之间的妥协；(13)当生境中适合侵占的斑块比例小于其侵占率与灭绝率之比时，生态位构建作用促使集合种群在一定条件下续存：(14)生境斑块的状态从不适合到适合转变过程中存在生态位构建强度和系统初始条件这两个阈值；(15)集合种群的大小同正生态位构建能力正相关，意味着对环境具有较强正作用的有机体对维持有效生境起积极作用。

The result implied that genotype HH of MCW0289E and genotype JO of MCW0258may be regarded as candidate locus for early assistant selection markers in yolk proportion and haugh unit traits of silkies.(3)Means of egg shape index for genotype BG of MCW0289E was significantly higher than those of others. Means of haugh unit for genotype BG of MCW0294 was significantly lower than those of others. Means of egg shape index for genotype JL of MCW0258 was significantly lower than those of others.

标记MCW0289E中，BG基因型的蛋形指数均值最高、哈氏单位均值最低，分别与其它基因型差异显著；标记MCW0258四川农业大学硕士学位论文丝羽乌骨鸡微卫星位点多态性及其与蛋品质性状的相关分析中，JL基因型的蛋形指数均值最低、哈氏单位均值最高，分别与其它基因型差异显著。

Meanwhile, Tibetan sheep (breeded in Sanjiaocheng of Qinghai, Huangcheng and Gannan of Gansu ), Mincounty Blank Fur sheep and Texel and Poll Dorset were controlled. The results indicated that polymorphism was tested at the loci of Hb, Tf and Es, that erythrocyte protein 1 and 2 were monomorphism. There were a couple of allele and three genotypes at the loci of Hb and Es. There were 10 genotypes at the locus of Tf, which was determined by 5 alleles.

结果表明，青海细毛羊和甘肃高山细毛羊的血红蛋白、转铁蛋白和酯酶基因座上存在丰富的多态性，其中Hb和Es位点受一对等位基因控制，共构成3种基因型；Tf位点受5个等位基因控制，共构成10种基因型；而红细胞蛋白质-1（EP-1）和红细胞蛋白质-2（EP-2）基因座均呈显单态；青海细毛羊的AMY基因座具有AMY1、AMY2、AMY3三种同工酶，其中AMY2呈多态，有AMY2A和AMY2O两种表现型，而甘肃高山细毛羊的AMY呈显单态。

The frequencies of genotypes were significantly different among the lines (P.001), with BB genotype primarily existing in HU-Yang,++ genotype in Chinese Merino monotocous line, and B+ genotype in Chinnese Merino multiparous lines.

等位基因型频率在各品种间差异极显著（P.001），在湖羊中以BB基因型为主，在中国美利奴单胎品系中以++基因型为主，而在中国美利奴肉用和毛用多胎品系中以B+基因型为主。

A clone from each genotype was randomly selected as representative for sequencing. The obtained 16S rDNA gene sequences had a similarity of 87%-100% with those in the GenBank (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov), and more than half of them had a similarity lower than 97%, being of new species. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the bacteria in the two soils were classified into 10 groups, with 5 groups in common. The dominant bacterial groups in the two soils differed obviously. In primeval forest soil, the dominant group was Proteobacteria, which had 39 genotypes, occupying 58.0% of all the clones; while in the soil of degraded ecosystem the dominant groups were Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, which had 19 and 15 genotypes occupying 32.5% and 30.5% of all the clones, respectively. In the soil of degraded ecosystem, Proteobacteria group decreased while Acidobacteria group increased markedly, compared with those in primeval forest soil.

从每种基因型中随机选择一个克隆子作为代表进行测序分析，所有序列与GenBank数据库中序列的同源性为87%~100%，且两样地中均有超过一半的基因型序列与数据库中已知序列同源性低于97%，属于分类在"种"地位上的新发现细菌；通过系统发育研究将两样地的细菌分为10大类群，两样地共同拥有5大类群，但两样地的细菌优势类群明显不同，原生土壤为Proteobacteria，含39种基因型，占总克隆子数的58.0%，退化生态系统土壤为Acidobacteria和Proteobacteria，分别含19种和15种基因型，占总克隆子数的32.5%和30.5%；与原生土壤细菌类群相比，退化生态系统土壤Proteobacteria类群明显减少，Acidobacteria类群明显增加。

As part of the Stroke Prevention in Young Women study, which is evaluating genetic and nongenetic ischemic stroke risk factors in young women, the investigators systematically searched the PDE4D gene for novel and known polymorphisms in 48 African-American women and 48 white women. These polymorphisms were then prioritized and genotyped in the entire study population of 224 cases of first ischemic stroke and 211 age- and race-matched controls.

年轻妇女中风预防研究里面的一部分，评估年轻妇女基因性和非基因性缺血性中风风险因子，研究者系统式蒐寻48位非裔美籍妇女和 48位白种妇女之PDE4D基因之新的和已知的多型体，这些多型体按基因型顺序排好，400位之中有224例首次缺血性中风，有211位是年纪和种族配对控制组。

Deduced by the proportion of typical sterile plants and normal fertile plants in segregative generations derived from WA zhenqiuA/6078 that:I gene could inhibit the expression of Rf gene completely by the heterozygosity of 1 pair of Rf in genotype;and only reduce the expression of Rf genes with two heterozygous Rf genes in genotype ;but it would never inhibit the expression of Rf genes if the genotype included 3 pairs of heterozygous Rf genes. When Rf gene was homozygous,the / gene could not inhibit the expression of it.

根据认叭真秋刀6078各衍生分离世代中典型不育株和正常可育株所占比例推断：基因型中仅包含1对杂合的Rf基因时，I对Rf的表达起完全抑制作用；基因型中包含2对杂合的Rf基因时，I仅对Rf的表达起削弱作用；当基因型中包含3对杂合的对基因时，I对Rf的表达不起抑制作用；I对纯合位点的Rf的表达不起抑制作用。

Kobayashi had analyzed the relationship between genetype and BMD of 238 post-menopause healthy femmes at Nagano county in Japan,and pointed out:the abdominal vertebra the Z integral of BMD has correlation with PvuⅡsite,the corresponding BMD\' s sequence of each genetype is: PP＜Pp＜pp,the Z integral of PP genetype in abdominal vertebra BMD is the lowest,but the corresponding BMD\' s sequence of Xbal polymorphic site genetype is XX＞Xx＞xx,without statistical significance.

Kobayashi等分析日本Nagano县238名绝经后健康妇女基因型与BMD的关系发现：腰椎BMD的Z积分与PvuⅡ位点相关，各基因型对应的BMD高低顺序为PP＜Pp＜pp，PP基因型腰椎BMD的Z积分最低，而XbaⅠ多态位点基因型对应的BMD高低顺序为XX＞Xx＞xx，但无统计学意义。

In the comparison between genotypes, it was found that 1b-NS5As exerted more profound inhibitory effects on IFN activity than 2a-NS5As. The replication of the 2a-NS5A-containing replicons was more sensitive to IFN treatment than that of the 1b-NS5A-containing replicons. By domain swapping, we found the V3 and the C-terminus regions were responsible for the differential anti-IFN effects between genotypes.

我们并收集了共十五名分别感染基因型1b及2a的HCV患者样本，比较两基因型来源的NS5A蛋白质对IFN的抑制效果，结果发现来自基因型1b的NS5A蛋白质确实会比来自基因型2a的NS5A蛋白质具有更强大的IFN拮抗效果。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。