基因型

The mean weight of genetype AB(19.73kg) was the highest and the mean body length of genetype DD(56.00cm ) was the longest in microsatellite IDVGA30 in 90 days old. In microsatellite BMS1516, the chest high of genetype EF(22.44cm), the heart girth (62.28cm)and the circumference of cannon bone (8.07cm) of genetype CD were the highest in Chinese Merino lamb of 90 days old. In microsatellite OY3, the born weight of genetype EF was the highest(4.10kg).

其中微卫星座位IDVGA30 AB基因型90日龄平均体重最大(19.73kg)，DD基因型90日龄平均体长最大(56.00cm)；微卫星座位BMS1516各基因型对90日龄中国美利奴羔羊体尺的影响较大，其中基因型EF的胸深最大(22.44cm)，基因型CD胸围最大(62.280m)，管围最大的为CD(8.07cm)：微卫星座位OY3不同基因型初生重差异显著(P＜0.1)，基因型EF的初生重最大(4.10kg)，CD基因型初生重最小(3.42kg)。

For this purpose, genotyping was performed on males of 18 Angus, 23 Jinnan cattle, 20 Limousin, 28 Luxi cattle, 26 Qinchuan cattle, 29 Simmental, 29 Charolais. In the association studies traits of interest were analyzed using the RFLP-PCR and GLM procedure of SAS 9.1 and least square means of the genotypes were compared by the Tukey' s test.

基于这一目标，应用RFLP技术对18头安格斯，23头晋南牛，20头利木赞，28头鲁西牛，26头秦川牛，29头西门塔尔牛和29头夏洛莱牛进行了基因型分型，SAS 9.1的GLM过程中的Duncan's 检验对不同基因型之间进行了多重比较分析，结果表明，EcoRⅤ位点与体重、日增重、眼肌面积和嫩度之间存在显著生物学相关，并且AG基因型个体与其它基因型相比在日增重和嫩度上存在显著差异（p0.05），而AA基因型个体相对于其它基因型具有较大的眼肌面积（p0.05）。

Polymorphism was detected for exon 3 of BMP4 gene in four sheep breeds. For exon 3, three genotypes were detected in four sheep breeds. In Small Tail Han, Chinese Merino, Corriedale and South African Mutton Merino sheep, frequency of genotype AA was 0.017, 0.216, 0.115, 0.429, frequency of genotype AB was 0.102, 0.317, 0.269, 0.500, frequency of genotype BB was 0.881, 0.467, 0.616, 0.071, respectively. Sequencing revealed one singlenucleotide mutation C→A at 305 bp of exon 3 of BMP4 gene in genotype BB in comparison to genotype AA, and this mutation resulted in an amino acid change of alanine→aspartic acid.

对于外显子3的引物，在4个绵羊品种中都检测到3种基因型；统计结果表明：小尾寒羊、中国美利奴绵羊、考力代绵羊、南非肉用美利奴绵羊AA基因型频率分别为0.017、0.216、0.115、0.429，AB基因型频率分别为0.102、0.317、0.269、0.500，BB基因型频率分别为0.881、0.467、0.616、0.071；测序结果表明：BB型和AA型相比在BMP4基因外显子3第305位碱基处发生C→A的突变，该突变导致氨基酸由丙氨酸改变为天冬氨酸；BB型小尾寒羊平均产羔数分别比AB型和AA型多0.61只（P.05）和1.01只（P.05）。

The polymorphism information content were 0.6674, 0.6035, and 0.5615, respectively. The total mean of litter size of genotype LSCV043 107 bp/123 bp was significantly higher than that of genotype 110 bp/123 bp. The liner size of the first lambing for genotypes BMS2508 154 bp/154 bp, 154 bp/170 bp and 154 bp/200 bp were significantly higher than that of genotype 170 bp/170 bp (P.05). Furthermore, total litter size for BMS2508 170 bp/170 bp was the lowest in all the genotypes within this locus (P.05). No significant difference was detected in other genotypes.

对不同基因型群体的产羔率进行统计分析，LSCV043基因型为107 bp/123 bp所对应的总体产羔数明显高于110 bp/123 bp基因型群体所对应的产羔数(P.05)；BMS2508基因型为154 bp/154 bp、154 bp/170 bp和154 bp/200 bp所对应的群体第一胎产羔数明显高于170 bp/170 bp所对应的产羔数(P.05)，基因型170 bp/170 bp的群体总体产羔数均低于该位点的其他基因型(P.05)；其他位点各基因型之间产羔数均无显著差异。

In order to reduce calculation error, the frequency distribution of average values is used to compute the mixed distribution's digital features of each component distribution, thereinto, the number of the component distribution is determined by AIC, choose the number that meets the minimum value of AIC as the component number of mixed distribution, and the other parameters are estimated by EM algorithm; Secondly, because each component distribution is corresponding to a kind of major gene genotype, according to the values of the average and variance of the each component distribution, we can use the limit error of the normal distribution to plot each individual into the correspondent component distribution, namely into correspondent major gene genotype. Then we regard each major gene genotype as a treatment level of one-way analysis of variances, and the one-way multivariate analysis of variance is carried out to calculate the covariance matrix of major gene effect, covariance matrix of polygene effect, covariance matrix of environment effect and so on; At last, combining the weights of the each component distribution of mixed distribution, we can calculate the variance of major gene effect, the variance of polygene effect, environmental variance and the genetic gain of the quantitative trait.

为减小计算误差，本研究采用均值的频数分布来计算各成分分布的数字特征，其中成分分布个数根据AIC准则，选择使AIC值达到最小的成分分布个数作为混合分布的成分分布数，分布中其它参数的确定利用EM算法来估计；其次，每个成分分布对应一种主基因基因型，根据各个成分分布的均值和方差，利用正态分布的极限误差将每个个体划分到相应的成分分布中，即相应的主基因基因型中，将每种主基因型作为单因素方差分析的一个处理水平，对其进行单因素的多元方差分析，分别计算主基因效应协方差阵、多基因效应协方差阵、环境协方差阵等参数；最后结合混合分布中各成分分布的权重即各主基因基因型的分离比例，计算主基因效应方差，多基因效应方差和环境方差，以及遗传力等参数，进而计算该数量性状的遗传进展。

PCR-RFLP in FSHR gene 5'–flanking region with exon 1 digested by restriction endonuclease TaqⅠdemonstrated that the frequencies of allele A (0.5500) and genotype AA (0.5000) in twinning cows were higher than that of allele A (0.3500) and genotype AA (0.3000) in monovular cows for Qinchuan cattle, while The frequencies of allele B (0.5937) and genotype BB(0.6875) in twinning cows were higher than that of allele B (0.5416) and genotype BB (0.4167) in monovular cows for Holstein cattle. Key words: Bovine; Twinning; FSHR gene; PCR-RFLP

FSHR基因5'端（包括侧翼序列和第一外显子）的限制性内切酶TaqⅠ的PCR-RFLP标记研究发现，在秦川牛中双胎母牛的A基因频率（0.5500）和AA基因型频率（0.5000）分别高于单胎母牛的A基因频率（0.3500）和AA基因型频率（0.3000）；在黑白花奶牛中双胎母牛的B基因频率（0.5937）和BB基因型频率（0.6875）均高于单胎母牛的B基因频率（0.5416）和BB基因型频率（0.4167），也就是FSHR基因的5'端的PCR-RFLP标记在一个品种内单胎母牛和双胎母牛之间有一定趋势，但两个品种的趋势不同。

Result: Contrary to European and American people, I allele frequency of Han nationality is higher than that of D allele (P.05); II genotype frequency and DD genotype frequency are noticeably different from that of European and American people (P.01); No DD genotype appear in the excellent athletes, which is noticeably lower than that of control group and athlete group (P.05) and that of the excellent athletes reported in other countries; the frequency distribution of II genotype in Marathon is noticeably higher than that in 5km distance running(P.10); The changing of I allele Jl genotype IP ID genotype frequency indicates a stronger unary liner relation (r=0.9985) with the running distance lengthening(5ktru lOkrru Marathon).

结果显示：与欧美人群相反，汉族I等位基因频率高于D等位基因（P＜0.05）；汉族II型纯合子频率和DD型纯合子频率非常显著地区别于欧美人群（P＜0.01）；在优秀运动员中，DD型纯合子未出现一例，显著低于对照组和运动员（P＜0.05），也显著低于国外已报道的优秀运动员；马拉松项目II型频率分布显著高于5km（P＜0.10）；I等位基因、II基因型和ID基因型的频率变化伴随专项距离（5km、10km、马拉松）的增加呈现强相关的一元线性关系（r=0.9985）。

This study investigated gene polymorphism of β_1-AR, CY2PD6, ACE and of BDKRB2 in the population of Hunan mid-region by PCR and PCR-RFLP method. The results showed that the frequencies of Ser49Ser and Arg389Arg genotype of β_1-AR gene were respectively 68.7% and 55.3%. And the allele frequencies of 49Ser and 49Gly were 83.9% and 16.1%, moreover 76.1% for 389Arg and 23.9% for 389Gly.

本研究应用PCR、PCR-RFLP方法首次对湖南中部地区403例原发性高血压患者的β_1-AR基因、CY2PD6基因、ACE和BDKRB2基因多态性的调查，结果显示：β_1-AR基因型Ser49Ser、Arg389Arg分别占68.7％、55.3％，49Ser和49Gly等位基因频率分别为83.9％、16.1％，389Arg和389Gly等位基因频率分别为76.1％、23.9％；CYP2D6等位基因频率由高到低依次为~*10、~*1、~*2、~*5，CYP2D6~*10~*10基因型频率最高，占47.4％；ACEI和D等位基因频率分别为55.8％、44.2％，基因型频率分别为Ⅱ型33.5％、ID型44.7％、DD型21.8％；BDKRB2-58T/C等位基因频率C、T分别为52.6％、47.4％，基因型频率分别为CC型24.8％、CT型55.6％、TT型19.6％。

The results of Duncans Multiple Range Test shows:(1)Means of shell strength and shell proportion for the genotype II of MCW0289E, means of shell strength and shell proportion for the genotype AG of MCW0258, and means of shell strength and shell proportion for the genotype CC of MCW0068 were significantly higher than those of others. The result implied that genotype II of MCW0289E, genotype AG of marker MCW0258, and genotype CC of MCW0068 may be regarded as candidate locus for early assistant selection markers in shell strength and shell proportion traits of silkies.

对与性状相关显著的标记进行不同基因型间的多重比较，发现①标记MCW0289E中，Ⅱ基因型的蛋壳强度、蛋壳比例均值最高，与其它基因型差异显著(除蛋壳比例中的FH基因型)；标记MCW0258中，AG基因型的蛋壳强度、蛋壳比例均值最高，与其它基因型差异显著(除蛋壳强度中的FF基因型)；标记MCW0068中，CC基因型的蛋壳强度、蛋壳比例均值最高，与其它基因型差异显著。

Under the condition [0mmol/L,raise in vermiculite] of phosphorus stress, variation in root morphology and biomass among different soybean genotypes at seedling stage were studied, the result shows: At two-leaf age, higher P-efficiency genotypes(K1 and K2) don't develop their potential advantages; at four-leaf age, some characteristics of K1 and K2, such as lateral root number, lateral root length, root absorbent area and dry weight of shoot are all less reduced than those of intermediate P-efficiency genotypes(Z1 and Z2) and of lower P-efficiency genotypes(M1 and M2), and dry weight of root and R/S of higher P-efficiency genotypes are more increased than those of the others.

在磷胁迫[0mmol/L，砂培]条件下，对不同基因型大豆苗期在根系形态、生物量等方面的差异进行了研究，结果表明：磷高效基因型在两叶期并未发挥出其基因型潜力的优势；四叶期，磷高效基因型的侧根数、侧根长、根系吸收面积、茎叶干重等性状的受抑制程度均显著低于磷中、低效基因型，而地下干重、根冠比却受到了较中、低效基因型更强的诱导作用。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。