城邦国家

Iraq has a long history, established in 4700 BC city-state is one of the four ancient civilizations.

伊拉克有悠久历史，公元前4700年就建立城邦国家，是四大文明古国之一。

The Western city-state society actually is the state based on the city.

西方古代城邦社会实际上就是以城邦为基础的国家。

Political leadership in the form of the free 'demagogue' who grew from the soil of the city state is of greater concern to us; like the city state, the demagogue is peculiar to the Occident and especially to Mediterranean culture.

在自由煽动家形式上的政治领导人，从城邦的土壤中成长起来，是与我们关系最密切的，像城邦一样，煽动家是欧美国家特有的，尤其是对于地中海文化圈。

Unlike Venice, however, they are possessed of the same militant Christian Spirit of the Spanish across the Ligurian sea.

热那亚是个机会与威胁并存的城邦国家。

In the first chapter, the writer has discussed the relationship between citizens and polis.

公民是城邦的统治阶层，他们享有治理国家和拥有土地的特权，同时也肩负着保卫城邦的军事义务。

While many city-states, kingdoms, and empires competed with one another for power and prestige, Mexico can be said to have had five major civilizations: The Olmec, Teotihuacan, the Toltec, the Mexica and the Maya.

很多城邦国家，王国和帝国在争相夺利的同时，墨西哥可以说有五个主要的文明：奥尔梅克，迪奥狄华肯，托尔特克，阿兹提克和马雅。

Specifically speaking, the dimension of liberty is the political liberty in the period of classical polis, contracting liberty in the period of natural law philosophy, economic liberty in the dichotomy of civil society and state in modem times, and participating liberty in the trichotomy of civil society and state and market in the contemporary era.

在市民社会理论发展的不同时期，有着不同的自由维度，具体表现为城邦时期的政治自由、自然法哲学时期的契约自由、近代市民社会与国家二分时期的经济自由、当代市民社会与国家和市场经济三分时期的参与自由。

The acceptance through verbal or practice phase, the rule mostly faithedThrough verbal, custom or habit; the compartmentation phase, have obviouszone of characters and the match playing between every polis; internalizationphase, breaked through the ultranationalism of Greece, make the range of rule extend to the internation , the rule of competetion became the international regulation by which the match participant must be abide; globalization phase, break through communicating and exchanging of localization make for the seven seas, all over the world have one and the same rules. Moreover, due to this phase is influenced with tow facter, which high-tech and commerc.urge the rules of track and field competition having changing.

"约定俗成"阶段，竞赛规则主要是由双方口头约定的方式来决定，比赛只有零散的少数人参加；"区域化"阶段，竞赛规则具有独特的古希腊"区域"特性，比赛只在希腊各城邦之间进行；"国际化"阶段，主要是冲破了欧洲希腊的狭隘领域向欧美等国家范围延伸，规则成为国家间进行田径比赛须共同遵守的统一准则；"全球化"阶段，全世界所有国家突破各民族文化的地域和模式的局限性而走向全球，所有的国家使用同一个竞赛规则；且在这一阶段中，由于高科技深透和商业因素的介入，促使了竞赛规则的不断变化。

Already by 3000 BC several city-states had been established by Sumerians dark-skinned, non-Semitic people who probably migrated from the east

在公元前3000年前，苏美尔人就建立了好几个城邦国家。他们皮肤黝黑，可能是从东方移民过来的非闪米特人。

They have even placed their own Pope Innocent IV in Rome.

热那亚是个机会与威胁并存的城邦国家。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。