城邦

When Aristotle said that contemplation was the most eudemonic life and self-sufficient, good life in the polis was the real eudemonia of human, a question we must face is the relation between the eudemonia of contemplation and the eudemonia of polis.

当亚里士多德说&沉思是最幸福的生活&、&城邦中自足而至善的生活是人类真正的美满幸福&时，一个无法回避的问题便是&沉思活动的幸福&与&城邦生活的幸福&这两种幸福之间的关系。

My thesis is divided into three chapters: In the first chapter, I mainly present the excavations of Oxyrhynchus, the discovery of the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, the author, the organization, the style and the vocabulary of the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia as well as the time of writing and the scope of the content.In the second chapter, I mainly analyze the war at Ephesus, Megara and Notium recorded in the Cairo Fragment and Florence Fragment and compare them with other historian\'s records.In the third chapter, I analyze the contents of London Fragment item by item and compare the parallel records with the other historian\'s. I mainly discuss the prosperity of Thebes and the fall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War, the constitution of Boeotia, the recovery of Athens after the Peloponnesian War, the consolidation of Spartan hegemony, the Corinthian War, the democratic revolution of Rhodes, the relationship between Persia and the Greek City States, the political conflict inside the Greek City States, etc.

本文共分为三章：在第一章中，笔者主要探讨了奥克西林库斯的考古发掘、《奥克西林库斯希腊志》的发掘出土及其作者、体例、语言和风格、创作时间以及记载的内容；在第二章中，主要对《奥克西林库斯希腊志》的开罗断片与佛罗伦萨断片所记载的以弗所战役、麦加拉战役和诺丁姆战役进行了史料分析和文献比对；在第三章中，笔者对伦敦断片所记内容进行逐条分析并与其他史家的记述进行了文献比对，其中主要探讨了伯罗奔尼撒战争中雅典的衰落与底比斯的繁荣、比奥提亚的联盟体制、伯罗奔尼撒战争之后雅典的复兴、斯巴达霸权的巩固、科林斯战争、罗德斯民主政变、波斯与希腊城邦的关系以及希腊城邦内部的党派斗争等内容。

In the great valleys of both these regions agricultural city states of brownish peoples were growing up, but in India they do not seem to have advanced or coalesced so rapidly as the city states of Mesopotamia or Egypt.

在这两个地区的大山谷，棕色人种的农业城邦正在兴起；但是在印度，它们的发展或合并似乎不像美索不达米亚或埃及的城邦那样迅速。

Autonomia appeared in fifth century B. C., and became the basic principle dealing with the relationship among Greek poleis formally in the King' s Peace.

古代希腊的城邦自治观念始于公元前5世纪，及至《大王和约》发展为希腊城邦处理相互间关系的准则。

The origins of the Olympic game, have a close relation with the social circumstance of ancient Greeces actually.9-8th centry B.C., clan society in Greece breaks up gradually, the slave of the city nation system social gradual formation, build up more than 200 city nations.

奥运会的起源，实际上与古希腊的社会情况有着密切的关系。公元前9-8世纪，希腊氏族社会逐步瓦解，城邦制的奴隶社会逐渐形成，建立了200多个城邦。

The reason included five aspects:①the effect of physical environment: the open geographical environment and barren soil urge the Greeks to look for development outward while the close geographical environment and advantaged condition for agriculture shaped the Chinese conservative thought and obstructed their steps of going out.②the advancing and blocking of the economic: the frequent trade offered an abundant living supply and open view while the self-sufficient agriculture with restraining trade rigidified the thought.③ the difference in politic institute and situation: the democracy polis of ancient Greece is exclusive in the ancient world. It shaped the atmosphere of freedom, democracy and adversary. While the monarchy in ancient China pursued the "united country" and shaped the atmosphere serving for politic and consolidating thoughts.④the guiding of traditional culture: the Greeks pursued freedom and wisdom and were curious about nature while the Chinese adored ancestor and obeyed the authority and prefer to pragmatism.

出现这种关系的原因本文从以下五点进行分析：①自然环境的影响：古希腊开放的地理环境和贫瘠的土壤种植条件促使古希腊人向外寻求发展，而古代中国封闭的地理环境和优越的农业环境阻碍了中华民族外出的脚步和开放的思维；②经济条件的推动与束缚：工商业发展的农业经济和自给自足的小农经济所创造的物质条件和对思维影响的差别是很大的；③政治制度和政治形势的差异：古希腊民主城邦制在古代世界是独树一帜的，它所营造的自由、民主的氛围和古代中国追求&大一统&的君主专制下为政治服务、思想趋向统一的氛围截然不同；④传统文化的引导：古希腊人在长期的城邦生活和参与海外贸易的生活中形成的开放、自由、对自然充满好奇、追求智慧等民族文化传统与中国保守崇古、讲究实用的文化传统形成了鲜明的对比；⑤思想家本身(来源：A58BC论文网www.abclunwen.com)目的不同：古希腊思想家为了变得智慧而获取知识，享受知识带来的乐趣，而古代中国思想家的一切动机都是为了&成化天下&、&以政裕民&服务。

The reason included five aspects:①the effect of physical environment: the open geographical environment and barren soil urge the Greeks to look for development outward while the close geographical environment and advantaged condition for agriculture shaped the Chinese conservative thought and obstructed their steps of going out.②the advancing and blocking of the economic: the frequent trade offered an abundant living supply and open view while the self-sufficient agriculture with restraining trade rigidified the thought.③ the difference in politic institute and situation: the democracy polis of ancient Greece is exclusive in the ancient world. It shaped the atmosphere of freedom, democracy and adversary. While the monarchy in ancient China pursued the "united country" and shaped the atmosphere serving for politic and consolidating thoughts.④the guiding of traditional culture: the Greeks pursued freedom and wisdom and were curious about nature while the Chinese adored ancestor and obeyed the authority and prefer to pragmatism.

出现这种关系的原因本文从以下五点进行分析：①自然环境的影响：古希腊开放的地理环境和贫瘠的土壤种植条件促使古希腊人向外寻求发展，而古代中国封闭的地理环境和优越的农业环境阻碍了中华民族外出的脚步和开放的思维；②经济条件的推动与束缚：工商业发展的农业经济和自给自足的小农经济所创造的物质条件和对思维影响的差别是很大的；③政治制度和政治形势的差异：古希腊民主城邦制在古代世界是独树一帜的，它所营造的自由、民主的氛围和古代中国追求&大一统&的君主专制下为政治服务、思想趋向统一的氛围截然不同；④传统文化的引导：古希腊人在长期的城邦生活和参与海外贸易的生活中形成的开放、自由、对自然充满好奇、追求智慧等民族文化传统与中国保守崇古、讲究实用的文化传统形成了鲜明的对比；⑤思想家本身目的不同：古希腊思想家为了变得智慧而获取知识，享受知识带来的乐趣，而古代中国思想家的一切动机都是为了&成化天下&、&以政裕民&服务。

The development of commercial economy transferred the center of polis civilization from countryside to city, city became the concentration of economic, cultural and political activities, and remoulded countryside after its connextions of property and market; placed in the outward-styled construction of city econony, countryside degraded gradually to unnecessary auxiliary unit.

7商业经济的发展使城邦文明的重心由农村转向城市，城市成为城邦经济、文化和政治活动的中心，并且按照它的财产关系和市场关系改造了农村；由于城市经济的外向型结构，农村逐渐成为可有可无的附属。

The very first states in human history, the states of Sumer, seemed to have been ruled by a type of priest-king, called in Sumerian, a ; among their duties were leading the military, administering trade, judging disputes, and engaging in the most important religious ceremonies.

人类历史上最早的城邦，苏美人的城邦，似乎已有了一种宗教形式的国王，苏美语被称为：a；他们的职责是军事领导，管理贸易，裁判争执和参与重要的宗教仪式。

The very first states in human history, the states of Sumer, seemed to have been ruled by a type of priest-king, called in Sumerian, a ; among their duties were leading the military, administering trade, judging disputes, and engaging in the most important religious ceremonies.

人类历史上最早的城邦，苏美尔人的城邦，似乎已有了一种宗教形式的国王，苏美尔语被称为：a ；他们的职责是军事领导，管理贸易，裁判争执和参与重要的宗教仪式。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。