城邦

Athens, a sea power and a democracy created the Delian League, an alliance of poleis around the Aegean Sea, to hold the Persians at bay.

雅典，作为一个海洋强邦和民主城邦，联合爱琴海的城邦，建立了提洛同盟，把波斯人赶回了波斯湾。

Thus in a sense, it would cause durative turbulence in Greek world, hi chapter three, I explore the genesis and development of Panhellenism and then point out that the Panhellenic program of Isocrates and the other orators always aimed to preserve the autonomy ofpolis and never want to break away the regime ofpolis. In a sense the Panhellenism was a remedy for the illness of the endless warfare between the poleis to preserve the autonomy of polis.

第三部分：在政治思想领域，剖析泛希腊主义的缘起和发展，指出伊索克拉底的泛希腊主义构想始终旨在维护城邦的自治，并未脱离城邦政制的窠臼，是一种较为积极地为城邦政制找寻出路的方式。

In 668 BC, according to Pausanias (a 2nd century AD Greek traveler), the powerful tyrant of Argos was asked by the town of Pisa to capture the Sanctuary of Zeus from the city-state of Elis.

公元前9-8世纪，希腊氏族社会逐步瓦解，城邦制的奴隶社会逐渐形成，并建立起200多个城邦。城邦各自为政，没有统一君主，战争连绵不断。

Sparta, a narrow oligarchy and a land power, created its own alliance of poleis on the Peloponnesus out of concern about Athenian power.

斯巴达，作为一个严密的寡头政治城邦和陆地强邦，出于对雅典势力的顾忌，在伯罗奔尼撒建立了自己的城邦同盟。

Chol people political change resulting in the city of philosophers impression unwanted harmful to the city left a good impression, and the city exerts a subtle influence.

政治哲人们由此在城邦改变以往对哲人的无用有害的印象，给城邦留下好的印象，并潜移默化地影响着城邦。

Panhellenic festivals represented by the Greek Olympic Festival was not merely a collective religion activity occasion for the Greek society. What is more, it was a inter-citystates public political sphere reflecting the citystate political culture, whose historical existence had an essential links with the political culture structure in Greek citystate time.

以奥林匹亚节为代表的泛希腊节庆不仅是城邦社会集体宗教文化生活的场合，更是一个透视城邦政治文化的邦际公共政治空间，这一空间格局的历史性存在与城邦时代的政治文化结构模式构成本质关联。

J. Bickerman first elucidated the concept of autonomy in 1958, the problem has caught many scholars attention. In recent years, some important monographs were published. However, most of these focused on the genesis and early history of the concept in the fifth century B.C.. As for the concept in the fourth century B.C., it is only mentioned in the study of the vicissitude of hegemony, the Common Peaces, or the Panhellenism.

比格曼的专题论文发表起，国外学者对城邦自治问题就给予了特别的关注，近年仍有重要的专题论文发表，但大多数研究着重于公元前五世纪自治观念的源起，而在对公元前四世纪城邦自治问题的研究中，或只在评述希腊城邦霸权争夺或共同和约时兼论、或在论述泛希腊主义时有所提及，并未作为论题的中心。

Ancient Greece will be the construction of the Athens Acropolis hill known as the "阿克罗波里", referred to as "Pori", after the formation of city-state system,"Napoli" on the political significance as the city-state synonymous, the latter with the land, people and their combination of political life has been given "state" or "State" significance.

古希腊的雅典人将修建在山顶的卫城称为&阿克罗波里&，简称为&波里&，城邦制形成后，&波里&就成为了具有政治意义的城邦的代名词，后同土地、人民及其政治生活结合在一起而被赋予&邦&或&国&的意义。

C can be understood much better; it gives an intensive expression of the idolatry of the Greeks to wards polis in the interstate relationships and is the ultimate causation of the tragic destiny of the Greek poleis.

这一观念是希腊人的城邦政制情结在邦际关系中的集中体现，在一定程度上促就了希腊城邦历史的悲剧特性。

Cartledge has been at the forefront of classicists' growing understanding of the cultural diversity of the poleis of the ancient Greek world, which numbered over 1000, and were dotted over a wide area from Marseille in the west to modern Turkey in the east. Though united, by religion and language, they had different customs, political systems and even calendars – and only a handful of them united against the Persian empire in the 480s BC.

在古典学界对古希腊城邦世界之文化多样性日益增进的理解潮流中，卡特利奇一直处于前沿，他不会不知道从马赛到现在的土耳其之间星罗棋布着1000多个城邦；这些城邦尽管由宗教和语言的纽带统一了起来，然而他们有不同的习俗和政治制度，甚至历法都不同——只是在波斯帝国在公元前480年入侵时，一些城邦才团结起来共同抗御外敌。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。