城市规划

These strategies are ways to establish an ecological infrastructure for the sustainable urban development in the future of centuries to come. It is also argued that, in order to realize these picture, the anti-planning methodology which emphasizes the planning of unbuidable land, instead of buildable land, is critical.

为此，文章提出了"反规划"概念，即城市规划和设计应该首先从规划和设计不建设用地入手，而非传统的建设用地规划，"反规划"就是规划和设计城市生态基础设施，并提出城市生态基础设施建设的景观安全格局方法。

On the basis of this, the thesis discuss the relationship between urban planning and urban design and their particular emphasis; establishes the correspondence principle between the drafting of urban design and the current urban planning system; points out emphatically the idea that urban design must run through all the stages of planning; studies the assignment type and content of urban design in each stage.

在此基础上，探讨了城市规划与城市设计的关系及各自的侧重点，建立了城市设计编制与我国现阶段城市规划编制各阶段相对应的原则，强调了城市设计工作应该贯穿于整个城市规划工作各阶段的思想，并对各阶段展开的城市设计工作的任务、类型、内容作了初步的研究。

Therefore, to advance the study on innovation of urban planning institution, the emphases should be in-depth analysis on the existent specific institutional arrangements, and reflection on theoretical methodology, nuclear concepts and logistic series of the institution system. The starting point of urban planning institutional innovation could base on the existent planning operational system, such as development planning, distribution planning and specific construction planning etc., or relate to urban construction and other relevant institutional arrangements. However, the emphasis should be establishing the mechanism of distributing, harmonizing and balancing different interests, rights.

城市规划制度创新可以按照城市发展规划、布局规划和具体建设规划等原规划运作体制及系列，以及与城市建设口其他相关制度安排相联系等不同方向行进；也可以从1980年代有关专家就已经提出的、近期国家发改委等有关部门正在积极研究创新的发展规划、布局规划、建设规划等分类规划与综合规划相结合的方向行进；但是制度创新的重点应放在对利益、权益的分配、协调与平衡机制的构建上。

The significance is that it can realize city emulation by applicating euthenics, engineering, layout and VR technology. Consequently we can show the more real, brilliance, dramatic city's visage, so that it makes the feasibility research of the city planning more simple and it in favor of city planning, city's construct and city' perfect.

意义在于针对现代城市建设的盛行，利用环境学、工程学、规划设计等的综合，将虚拟现实技术运用其中，实现对城市的仿真，更真实、鲜明、生动地展现城市面貌，便于对城市规划的可行性探究，有利于城市的规划，建设和完善。

This dissertation summarized the supervisal to admininstrative action and the system of urban planning, analysed the actuality and shortage of supervisal to administrative action in administrant sysem of urban planning, and studied the overseas experience of supervisal to administrative action of urban planning. Based on these works, the dissertation brought four advices about how to consummate the mechanism of supervisal to administrative action of urban planning: The first is consummate the public participance system, protect the exertion of public rights about participateon advicee and superviseial, intensify the public supervisal and advance supervisal of urban planning. The second is consummate the democratic decision-making system, intensify the supervisal of the course of urban planning"s decision-making. The third is constitute the regulation of surveillant, intensify the administrative level"s supervisal of urban planning. The fourth is onstitute the regulation of went behind responsibility, intensify the ex post facto supervisal of urban planning.

本文通过对我国行政法制监督和城市规划体系进行概述，对城市规划行政法制监督机制建设的现状、不足进行分析，研究国外行政法制监督制度情况和可借鉴的经验做法，围绕完善城市规划的行政法制监督机制，提出从四个方面对规划监督法规体系加以完善：一是完善城市规划公示制度，保证公众对规划的参与权、建议权和监督权，做好规划管理的事前监督；二是完善城市规划决策机制，加强对规划决策过程中的监督；三是完善上级政府对下级政府规划规划管理的层级监督机制，通过派驻规划督察员加强规划管理事前、事中监督；四是建立城市规划违法违纪行政责任追究制度，通过严格的问责，加强事后监督。

To meet the established planning objectives in such broad and volatile circumstances equal to undergird the urban planning authorities.This article aims at analyzing the flexible planning methods in the "second ladder" cities, the case study is Botou City, Hebei Province.

而编制富有弹性的城市规划能够增加规划的适用范围，提高规划应变各种不确定性的能力，加强了规划对建设的指导作用，适应市场经济条件下对城市用地规划得要求，也实际上是增加了城市规划的权威性。

They made every effort to appeal to pay great attention to city planning in order to ensure Chinese cities rational and healthy development. They emphasized decentralism and suburban planning. They began to pay attention to development balance between town and country, opposing the deformed stage in which town was prosperous, while country fell into decay. Additionally, they began to attach importance to planning and building park, square and other public places in city.

他们极力呼吁对城市规划设计的重视，以保证中国城市发展沿着科学健康的道路进行，强调分散主义原则和对城市进行功能的分区规划，开始注意城市与农村之间的平衡协调发展，反对城市繁荣发达、乡村破败落后的畸形发展状态，注重城市里公园、广场等公共活动场所的规划建设，等等。

By and large, the influences of the Garden City Theory on city planning of Republic of China mainly had two aspects. The first was planning of new district in city. This was exactly the same with the means by which Howardbuilt two garden cities--Letchworth and Wewyn in suburb in order to avoidincreasingly expansive London. The second was the decentralism of Chinese city planning after the War of Resistance Against Japan. This was tightly correlated with some West decentralization planning theories such "satellite city","organic decentralization","neighborhood unit" which rooted in the Garden City Theory.

就总体影响而言，一是城市新区的规划，这与霍华德避开日益膨胀的伦敦市区，在郊区进行莱切沃斯和韦林两座田园城市的建设做法如出一辙；二是在抗日战争胜利以后，中国的城市规划多主张分散主义，这又显然与田园城市理论及源于田园城市理论的卫星城市、有机疏散、邻里单位等分散主义的规划理论密切相关。

The paper considers that urban planning methodology is composed with three parts. They are philosophy foundation, noetic methodology and operational methods. The philosophy foundation of urban planning methodology under the framework of multi-rationality composes of Marxist philosophy with materialistic dialectic and historical dialectic as the core, western philosophy such as humanism, verificationism, and historism etc., oriental philosophy centralized on synthesis and unison. The noetic methodology of urban includes micro logical noetic methods macro visual noetic methods and micro-macro creative noetic methods. The urban planning operational method includes the route, process and techniques needed in practice.

其中，城市规划方法的哲学基础是在总体的复合理性框架之下，由以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为核心的马克思主义哲学，人本主义、实证主义、历史主义等西方哲学以及强调综合调和、天人合一的东方哲学思想所构成；城市规划思维方法体系，是城市规划过程中思考问题的角度及处理问题的方法论的总和，包括微观的逻辑思维方法、宏观的形象思维方法和宏微结合的创造性思维方；城市规划操作方法体系是直接用于城市规划实践的方法归纳和概括，包括城市规划的方法路线、程序组织、技术方法等等。

Finally, the countermeasures for risk control of urban disasters are presented from 8 aspects, including establishing a unionized legal system of urban safety planning, risk prevention and control, and crisis management; implementing urban plan of disaster prevention and reduction and incorporating into urban planning; perfecting the decision-supporting system and information management system for urban disaster risk; carrying on risk assessment mechanism in safety planning; speeding the construction of integrated management organization for disaster prevention; establishing a scientific and perfect emergency rescue system; intensifying safety education and propagand of disaster prevention and reduction; and strengthening the research and exchange in urban safety science.

该对策研究包括：建立城市安全规划、风险防范和危机管理法律体系；实施城市防灾减灾规划并融入城市规划中；完善城市灾害风险决策支持系统和信息管理系统；实行安全规划风险评价机制；加快防灾减灾综合管理机构建设；建立科学、完善的应急救援体系；加强安全教育和防灾减灾宣传；加强城市安全科学研究与交流。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。