城市地区

An aerodynamical urban canopy scheme is incorporated into the fine town boundary layer model. The scheme contains drag effect of urban buildings on flow and effect of building morphology on urban turbulent activity and momentum transfer.

文中将建筑物动力冠层方案引入到城市边界层精细模式中，该方案描叙了城市地区建筑物对气流的拖曳作用以及建筑物形态对城市地区湍流活动动量输送的影响。

The incorporated model is evaluated by simulation results of two different building aerodynamical scheme in southeast region of Beijing area, which are building drag scheme and aerodynamical urban canopy scheme. The conclusions are drawn by the comparisons between the simulation results of the wind speed and the observations of the automatic weather stations in the urban areas: the simulated results of incorporated model are more in reasonable agreement with the observations than that of building drag scheme, and the diurnal trend of that is more agreement with observations.

采用建筑物拖曳法和建筑物动力冠层方案两种不同建筑物动力学处理方法对北京地区东南部进行模拟，通过城市地区水平风速的模拟结果与自动气象站实测资料对比发现模拟结果与实测相当吻合，建筑物动力冠层方案的引入能够更好地实施对城市地区的水平风速分布的数值模拟。

The model incorporated with the aerodynamical urban canopy scheme is better to simulate the wind field on the urban areas.The conclusions are drawn by the comparisons between the simulation results of the building drag scheme and the aerodynamical urban canopy scheme in a real town: the simulated wind speed with the aerodynamical canopy scheme on the town areas is always lower than that on the surrounding rural areas, but that with the other scheme is not so.

分别采用建筑物拖曳法与建筑物动力冠层方案对一个实际小规模城市进行模拟试验，分析表明引入建筑物动力冠层方案可以模拟出小规模城市地区水平风速偏低的现象；还可以模拟出城市地区建筑物动力作用对湍流活动的影响；对湍流动能模拟结果表明比较符合实际分布情形。

In the "Canton construction" Tenth Five-Year "plan", the urban construction is expected to invest 80 billion yuan to inner ring, outer ring as the basic line, adjusting the function of the layout of urban areas, in urban centers delegation to Baiyun Mountain and Pearl River started at the core of urban design and landscape construction, and give full play to the Canton of Physical Geography and historical and cultural advantages, Castle Peak, clear water and the history and culture of Guangzhou organically integrated into the overall urban environment, the formation of Baiyun Mountain as the center, the old and new cities north-south axis, the Pearl River with the east-west tourism landscape of the urban landscape architecture.

在"广东建设"十五"计划"，城市建设，预计投资八百点〇〇〇亿元以内环，外环的基本路线，调整功能布局，城市地区，在城市中心代表团以白云山和珠江开始为核心的城市设计和景观建设，并充分发挥广东自然地理和历史文化优势，青山，清澈的海水和纯净的历史和文化有机地融入广州的整体城市环境，形成白云山为中心，新老城市的南北轴，珠江三角洲与东西旅游景观的城市景观设计。

My attack is not based on quibbles about rebuilding methods or hairsplitting about fashions in design.

我把那些或多或少是自发地经过许多年而发展起来城市称为自然的城市，而把那些由设计师和规划师刻意创造出来的城市和城市地区称为人造的城市。

Impervious surface is a character of urban areas. The ratio of imperviousness and total area becomes a significant urban ecological index in the research of urban hydrology, water pollution, urban vegetation mapping and so on.

不透水面是城市地区的典型特征，它与城市总用地面积的比值--不透水率作为一个重要的城市生态指数常出现于城市水文、水质、面源污染以及城市植被制图等研究中。

The main study areas are as follows: 1 The landscape classification system of the urban-rural ecotone is set up based on the studying on land-use type of urban area and rural area, and then it is used to establish a regional landscape data warehouse for deposition, modification and management; 2 A group of landscape structure and pattern indices and patch area spectrum analysis methods are used to describe the structural and heterogeneous characters of all the landscape elements from different aspects; 3 The temporal and spatial difference of the landscape pattern of main road belts of the research area are also analyzed with the same method. Their basic process and regularity of urban axial expanding of the southwestward of Shanghai City are initially knewn well; 4 According to the traits of the ecotone, the principles and basis of vegetation classification, the ecotone vegetation classification system is set up, its species constitute, community patch characters, the relationship between vegetation types and landscape categories are analyzed, meanwhile, the vegetation sample maps are made; 5 Based on above studies, some landscape ecological stratedies within the research area were discussed. The following are the results of this study

城乡交错带地区的景观分类，在对城市地区和农村地区的土地利用类型研究的基础上建立了城乡交错带的分类体系，并在此基础上用ARC＼INFO软件分时段、分区、分要素建立研究区的景观图形数据库，对数据进行存储、修改和管理；2）利用多种景观结构、格局指数和斑块面积谱分析方法，从不同的侧面对各种景观组分的结构以及区域的景观格局特征进行了分析，并对其成因进行了探讨；3）利用相同的分析方法，分析了城乡交错带中的城市干道两侧的景观格局特征的空间和时间分异情况，初步掌握上海城市西南轴向扩张的基本过程和规律；4）对城乡交错带中非独立的景观要素-植被，研究其遥感图象信息的基本特征，建立适合区域特点的植被分类体系，并在样区中建立了植被图形数据库和计算机制图，分析了植被景观种类组成、斑块等级等特征以及与不同景观的相互关系；5）在上述研究的基础上，对研究区内的景观生态对策进行了研究。

By the study of the relationship between vegetation and spatial characteristics of UHI, the mainly spatial characteristics of UHI has been analyzed and it was:(1) The terrain of the suburbs is higher than the urban region, the gradient of the terrain height is small, and this geomorphological featrue is conducive to assemble of the heat, the UHI phenomenon of Changsha is obvious especially in the summer night;(2) The UHI distribution is similar to the outline of the urban construction. The LST of urban is 3-5℃ higher than the flat low areas close around the city, and 6-8℃ higher than further areas. The region which has the most obvious UHI phenomenon is the region surrounded by the second city ring road, and the UHI phenomenon gradually weakened from the city centre to suburb;(3) The impact of geomorphological character to UHI is notable, the relationship between vegetation index and UHI is Anti-related, it was indicated that the improvement of the vegetational status is very important to the elimination of UHI phenomenon, the implementation of the urban green land planning can reduce UHI effect.

通过分析长沙城市地区的土地覆盖、植被绿地状况与热岛空间分布状况的关系，揭示出研究区域UHI主要特征为：(1)从研究区域地表覆盖图发现，长沙市城区四周均有相对地势较高的山地，但地形梯度不大，接近四面环山的地貌特征，容易造成城区的热量聚集，有利于城市热岛效应的形成，使得长沙城区存在明显的热岛分布；(2)UHI分布与城市结构的轮廓相一致，长沙城区与地势相对平坦的近郊区的地表温度差异为3~5℃，与地势较高的周边远郊区的地表温度差异为6~8℃，长沙城区热岛效应与城市规划呈对应关系，热岛效应最显著的区域为二环线内，并从中心沿三环逐渐向郊区减弱；(3)地表覆盖类型对UHI的效应明显，长沙地区植被绿地状况与UHI呈现明显反相关分布，揭示出植被绿地对降低UHI具有重要的作用，大范围的绿地建设能有效降低UHI。

The first three chapters discuss the original rules and ideas, challenges and adaptive changes of the plan in practice, especially illustrated by related typical analysis; chapter four analyzes the general character of the cities which adopted city-manager plan, such as city size, area distribution, etc.; chapter five analyzes abandonment of city-manager plan, particularly its causation; chapter six discusses the professional management advocated by city -manager plan, and influence over other forms of local government.

目的在于阐明城市经理制这一市政体制的合理性和优越性。第一章论述城市经理制确立之初的基本原则和理念；第二章论述城市经理制在实践中所遇到的挑战；第三章论述城市经理制的一些适应性变化，并进行了相关的典型分析；第四章分析了采纳城市经理制的城市地区分布、城市规模等相关特点；第五章对放弃城市经理制的情况，尤其是对其原因进行了分析和阐述；第六章论述了城市经理制的专业化管理特色对其他地方政府体制的影响。

Dr. Jacobs and colleagues examined nearly 80,000 patient records, and found that among women who had a lumpectomy, 81% in urban areas and 80% in rural areas had follow-up radiation. Among the women who underwent mastectomy, 39% in urban areas and 38% in rural areas received radiation.

Jacobs医师与其同事针对将近80，000位病患的病历进行分析，结果发现接受肿块切除术的女性，在乡村地区有81%、在城市地区有80%接受后续追踪放射线治疗；接受乳房切除术的女性中，乡村地区有39%、城市地区有38%接受放射线治疗。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。