城市和世界

As what is calculated by the authority, a big Chinese Kongfu Drama with good originality and management should be equal to the advertising performance of consistently inserting 200,000,000 US dollars in 5 to 10 years for the interantional brands, developmental channels and customer resources of the cities, units, companies as well as media organizations who hold the activity, which has been economically agreed upon by more and more governments from all over the world, brokage companies and theater managers, which has also gained more attention from the public, sponsors and media of all kinds.

有权威传媒机构测算，一个创意和运作俱佳的中国功夫舞台剧，对承办此项活动的城市、单位、公司、传媒业机构的国际品牌、渠道建设、客源集聚，相当于其5－10年内持续投入2亿美金宣传费用的绩效。这一点，已经越来越成为世界各地政府以及经纪公司、剧场经营者的经济共识，越来越得到民众、赞助商和各类媒体的关注。

According to the latest research, CiGangRen ancestor's ancestral home India punjab, about the tenth century A.D. tribal war and famine, and by CiGangRen began to leave, they migrate in India, but no fixed place in the home and transportation caravans to busk, one living in cities, gradually become world-famous wandering peoples.

据最新的考证，茨冈人的祖先是祖居印度旁遮普一带的部落，大约公元10世纪以后，迫于战乱和饥荒，茨冈人开始离开印度向外迁徙，他们没有固定的居所，而是以大篷车为家和交通工具，以卖艺为生，在一个个城市间游荡，逐渐成为世界闻名的流浪民族。

The reduced tariffs and relative ease of moving goods across the border have prompted North Korean merchants and state-run trading companies to use Dandong and nearby cities as a gateway for their business deals with the rest of the world.

低关税以及中朝边境便利运输方式都促使许多朝鲜商人和国营贸易公司利用丹东和其他中朝边境城市做跳板和通道，与世界其他国家做生意。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

Shen eulogizes the healthy and elegant way of life and humane and harmonious relationship among rural people in contrast to the urban world represented as the Other of his utopian West Hunan—corrupted and decadent.

沉讴歌生命和人道之间的对比的城市世界的其他代表的农村人的和谐关系的健康和他的乌托邦式的优雅的方式湘西，损坏和腐朽。

Building knowledge and skills to face the challenges of slums Informal settlements are a socially and politically explosive problem in cities of the developing world, often accounting for more than 50% of the urbanised area and population.

建筑的知识和技能，以面对贫民窟非正式定居点是社会和政治爆炸性的发展中世界的城市问题的挑战，往往超过50的城市化面积和人口％左右。

Building knowledge and skills to face the challenges of slums Informal settlements are a socially and politically explosive problem in cities of the developing world, often accounting for more than 50% of the urbanised area and population.

建设知识和技能，面对贫民窟非正式定居点是爆炸性的社会和政治问题，在城市发展中世界，往往占50 ％以上的城市化面积和人口。

It is recognized as a very serious matter, as regards the sin of those who do it no less than the loss of those who suffer it, that in several parts of the world the governors and officials of cities, and others too who are seen to have power, often impose on churches so many burdens and oppress them with such heavy and frequent impositions, that under them the priesthood seems to be in a worse condition than it was under Pharaoh, who had no knowledge of the divine law.

它被公认是一件很严肃的事，至于罪过的人，它不得少于损失者，这在世界若干地区的省长和官员的城市，和其他人太多的人看见有权力，往往强加给教会那么多的负担和压迫他们如此繁重频繁强加于人，即根据这些神职人员似乎是一个更坏的条件比当时的法老，他们没有知识的神圣法则。

Just how far the transformation would have to go is shown by the "seven inter-generational issues" on which this report focuses: first, tackling disparities, not least among social groupings, but without further entrenching group-based entitlements and group-based politics; second, improving the environment, including the global environment; third, eliminating India's pervasive infrastructure bottlenecks; fourth, transforming the delivery of public services, particularly in India's ill-served cities; fifth, renewing education, technological development and innovation; sixth, revolutionising energy production and consumption; and, finally, fostering a prosperous south Asia and becoming a responsible global power.

关于印度转型之路究竟须走多远，报道重点阐述的&7个代际问题&给出了答案：首先，解决差距问题，尤其是不同社会群体间的差距，但要避免进一步强化群体特权和群体政治；其次，改善本国及全球环境；第三，消除普遍存在的基础设施瓶颈；第四，改变公共服务交付机制，尤其是在公共服务薄弱的城市；第五，振兴教育、科技发展和创新；第六，彻底改革能源的生产和消费方式；最后，促进南亚繁荣，成为一个负责任的世界强国。

In 1982 Chen was invited to conduct the Asben Festival Orchestra in America and was hailed as a success. In 1984, Chen was appointed President of Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, and two years later was appointed Music Director, the first music director of any performing groups in Chinese history. Since 1985, Chen has appeared in nations and regions including the former USSR, Japan, Italy, the USA, the Great Britain, Switzerland, Korea, the DPRK, Thailand, Singapore, Australia, Germany, Denmark, Austria, France, Spain, Russia, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, conducting native orchestras. In 1998, 1999, and 2000 he led the Central Chinese National Orchestra on its tours to many cities in Austria, Germany, Denmark. His concerts at the Grosser Saal Musikverein of Vienna and the Lincoln Center of New York have won enormous successes. In August, 2000, he led again the Central Chinese National Orchestra to perform in the "Chinese Culture in America" Festival, appearing in musical centers including the Lincoln Center.

上海音乐学院毕业后，曾任上海芭蕾舞团管弦乐队常任指挥。1982年他应邀在美国阿思本音乐节指挥音乐节乐团，大获成功。1984年出任上海交响乐团团长，1986年被任命为上海交响乐团音乐总监，成为中国文化发展史上第一位文艺院团的总监。1985年以来，陈燮阳先后赴苏联、日本、意大利、美国、英国、瑞士、韩国、朝鲜、泰国、新加坡、澳大利亚、德国、丹麦、奥地利、法国、西班牙、俄罗斯等国家和港、澳、台地区，指挥本团或当地著名乐团举办音乐会，均受盛赞。1998年1月和1999年2月，陈燮阳率中央民族乐团赴奥地利、德国、丹麦，在世界著名的维也纳金色大厅和柏林爱乐大厅，以及其他城市音乐厅举办中国新年音乐会。2000年8月，他又率中央民族乐团赴美国参加&中华文化美国行&的巡回演出，其中包括在纽约著名的林肯艺术中心举办音乐会。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。