垄断市场

This writing studies the relationship between Macau air transportation service market and CEPA by making attempts to analyze its market efficiency, how monopoly created through the umbrella of air traffic concession rights has hindered the market development.

本文尝试从澳门民航货运市场效率来探讨其与CEPA制度的关系，剖析专营权保障下造成的垄断局面如何不利民航运输服务市场的运作效率，藉以提出一些政策建议以深化CEPA制度对澳门总体经济贡献的效果。

This study analysised the condition of Xinjiang's petroleum resource and made an evaluation and it points out that the development of petroleum and natural gas of Xinjiang is still in the developing period in which it aims at discovering the petrol field and increasing its reserves.Although it has a great exploring potential,because of its geograghy limitation and a lack of exploring funds,the exploring level is till low,even lower than the everage level of the whole country. The study is based on theories of industry distributions,its concentration,macroscopic analysis,government regulations and continuing development.From microcosmic and macroscopic aspects,it scientifically and systematically analyses the problems in the development of petroleum industry in Xinjiang.It points that the developments of middle and upper reaches lack a balance and have no rational industry structures.So it is hard to form an integral industry chains.Moreover,the upper reach covers a too much large proportion in the development,so it can not give a strong impetus to other industries.Based it,the paper points the industrial concentration of Petroleum Chemical Products Manufacture of Xinjiang should be enhanced and Input to Petroleum Chemical Products Manufacture of Xinjiang should be increased.Due to a lack of an established fair and competitive market and government's perfect laws and regulations on petroleum industry,it points that the phenomenon of mixed operation has become common in monolopied business and competitive business,so the systems of petroleum industry needs to be restructured.It states clearly that the country should take the development and benefits of Xinjiang's economy into consideration when making strategies for petroleum development .Besides,the allocation of profits between the center and the local should be well arranged so that we can guarantee the profits of Xinjiang ,considered as a resource area.It also reveals that we should not only overcome limitations of resources,environment,economy and technology on continuring development,but also we should deal with some realistic problems well.For instance,contradictions between the concept of limited resource and continuing development,the relationship between petroleum industry's own features and continuing development,the contradictions between the limits on supply of petroleum and the need of future development of continuing resource ,outdated petroleum technology and the need of advanced technology for continuing development,tremendous damages to environment and requirements of environment protection for continuing development and Xinjiang continuing economic development,outdated policy of industry and continuing development,the relationship between continuing development of Xinjiang petroleum industry and continuing economic development of Xinjiang.

本研究以产业布局理论、产业集中度理论、灰关联分析理论、政府规制理论、可持续发展理论为依据，从微观、宏观两个层面，科学、系统、全面地分析新疆石油产业的发展问题，指出：新疆石油天然气目前仍处于油气田发现和增储的主要发展阶段，开发潜力巨大，但由于地质原因及勘探投入的不足，石油天然气探明程度偏低，低于全国平均水平；新疆石油产业产业结构布局不合理、上中下游发展不平衡，难以形成完整的产业链条，对工业的带动力与其本身具有的经济总量很不匹配；新疆石油开采业和石油加工业属于高度寡头垄断的市场类型，新疆石油化工业属于竞争型的市场结构，要想石油产业对新疆经济有较强的带动作用，新疆石油化工业必须上升到一定的层次和规模，在提高规模的基础上，提高新疆化工业的产业集中度；新疆石油加工业和化工业与农业呈现较高的关联度，加大对石油加工业和化工业的投入，对新疆经济的协调发展有着深远的影响；政府要从石油产业本质特征和发展趋势为着眼点，实施规制改革，分开政府规制政策的制定部门和监管部门职能，建立健全石油产业法律法规体系，对垄断性业务和竞争性业务实施分类规制；国家石油发展战略的制定应兼顾新疆区域经济的发展和利益，应切实处理好新疆与中央的利益分配，切实保证新疆作为资源产区合理的资源收益；新疆石油产业要想得以可持续发展，不仅要克服影响可持续发展的资源、环境、经济和技术等客观因素，还要处理好观念、需求、政策等诸多主观因素。

In the meantime, vendibility is the direct foundation of oligopoly price, international market value is the direct foundation of international market price.

同时，市场价值是垄断价格的直接基础，国际市场价值是国际市场价格的直接基础。

Summary u u A monopolistically competitive market is characterized by three attributes: many firms, differentiated products, and free entry.

垄断竞争市场均衡在相关的两个方面不同于完全竞争市场：同于完全竞争市场：每个企业有过剩生产能力，产能力，每个企业收取高于其边际成本的价格。

We've got an oligopolist electricity and gas market which looks a lot like the oil market—not at all what was intended, says Mr Helm.

我们的电力和燃气市场越来越像石油市场一样变得垄断了-----但这根本不是我们的本意，Helm说。控制权市场，财经用语

An analysis of China's oil product market reveals that the oil product market is an imperfect competition market dominated by the twin oligarchies of CNPC and Sinopec with plural investment subjects.

对中国成品油市场进行具体分析，认为中国成品油市场是一个由中国石油和中国石化两大巨头主导的、多种投资主体参与的双寡头垄断有限竞争市场。

Through the comparison on competition capabilities between Chinese retail enterprises and the foreign ones, and through the analysis of the breakthrough and rebuilding of market entrance barrier caused by FDI, the paper drew the viewpoint that FDI will enhance the entrance barrier and improve the concentration ratio in Anhui, and that some big enterprises will have the tendency and capability to become oligopolies.

本文以安徽市场为例，由对本土零售企业与外资零售企业竞争力的比较入手，从理论上分析外国商业资本直接投资对本土零售业市场进入壁垒的突破和重建，以及对市场集中度的影响。认为外商直接投资将使本土零售业进入壁垒和集中度提高，使某些大企业具有转向寡头垄断的趋向和可能。

However, contrary to other mature markets in country economy, the finance market is still a typical market of bargainers in which finance restraints exist such as controlling interest rate. absence of finance goods. finance monopoly and so on.

然而到目前为止，相对于农村经济中已发育成熟的其它市场，农村金融市场仍处于卖方市场，存在着典型的利率管制、金融产品单一和金融垄断等金融抑制。

On one hand the traditional price theories usually can neither explain supply and demand relation of the market nor the benefits allotment relation between the bargainers because of the incompletion of the market, such as monopoly, exterior, the information dissymmetry etc.

一方面，由于市场本身的不完全性，如垄断、外部性、信息不对称等因素的存在，传统的价格理论往往不能准确地解释市场的供求关系和交易者之间的利益分配关系；另一方面，随着经济的发展和现代信息技术所带来的便利，越来越多的物品(包括有形物品和无形物品)成为可以交易的商品，出现了越来越多的新市场。

As natural monopoly industry, on the one hand, tap water industry has the distinguishing features: network motion, precipitating cost, public good, subadditivity, and externality.

作为自然垄断行业，一方面，自来水行业具有明显的网络运行、沉淀成本、公益性、成本弱可加性以及外部性等特点，客观上要求实施政府管制，以克服&市场失灵&；另一方面，自来水行业又具有市场范围的地域界限性和不同区域服务水平、服务质量的差异性以及产品使用的私人特性，使得在该行业中引入市场竞争机制成为可能。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。