垄断市场

My conclusion is that the real estate market is a monopolistic market because of monopoly led to high prices.

我的结论是，房地产市场是一个垄断市场，因为垄断导致的高油价。

The first one is capital barrier, which means a large amount of initial capital for the perfect monopolizer. This prevents the common enterprise from entrance. The second is the technical barrier, i.e. the monopolizer is in control of certain technology and knack while other enterprises not, and then the market naturally become a monopoly market. Scale economy is the most studied technical barrier. The third one is law barrier, i.e. some exclusive patent rights are protected by the law. For example, patent and copyright are the monopolizations protected by the law. The fourth one is tactic barrier, even without any of the above mentioned barriers; it can also set up barriers through other ways, such as huge amount of advertisement investment.

首先是资本壁垒，即完全垄断企业的起始资本量很大，因此一般的企业难以进入；其次是技术性壁垒，即垄断者掌握了某种生产技术和诀窍，其他企业则没有，这个市场也就自然成了垄断市场，规模经济是一种被研究得最多的技术性壁垒；第三是法律壁垒，有些独家经营的特权是由法律所规定并受到法律保护的，专利和版权就是法律特许的垄断；第四是策略性壁垒，企业即使没有上述三种壁垒，也可以通过其他方式高筑壁垒，例如巨额广告投入。

This article explores the following several aspects for innovation.(1) Taking the theories and methods of Regulation Economics and Industrial Organization as our instruction, we study the government regulation mechanism of China's housing market comprehensively and systematically. Combining with the new characteristics of price formation and game, we analyze some problems thoroughly,such as present situation, reason, monopoly structure ,information unsymmetry and land supply under China's price regulation of housing market, and so on.

本文探索如下几个方面以求有所创新：(1)以规制经济学和产业组织理论与方法为指导，全面系统地研究中国住宅市场政府经济规制机理，结合住宅市场价格形成与博弈的新特点，深入剖析中国住宅市场价格经济规制的现状、缘由、土地供给、垄断市场结构、信息不对称以及限价房和保障性住房价格规制等问题。

In a specific industry, there possibly coexist monopolistic competition markets, collusive oligopoly markets and monopoly markets.

在一个特定产业内部，可能会有垄断竞争市场、寡头垄断市场和完全垄断市场并存的情况。

In a specific industry, there possibly coexist monopolistic competition markets, collusive oligopoly markets and monopoly markets.

吴赟摘要：在一个特定产业内部，可能会有垄断竞争市场、寡头垄断市场和完全垄断市场并存的情况。

From the general situation of Chinese and foreign publishing industries, publishing markets mainly belong to two kinds of market formations: monopolistic competition markets and collusive oligopoly markets.

但就中外出版业的总体情况来看，出版市场主要分属于垄断竞争市场和寡头垄断市场两种市场形态。

In this paper I survey the theoretical literature on reputation mechanism for experience goods markets from the point of view of market structure. First, common features of reputation mechanisms in different market structures are revealed by a simple repeated games model. Then theoretical literature on reputation mechanisms in monopolistic, oligopolistic and monopolistically competitive markets is introduced respectively by loosing assumptions in the basic model one after another.

本文从市场结构的角度综述了关于体验品市场上信誉机制的国外理论文献：首先通过分析一个简单的重复博弈模型，揭示了各个市场结构中信誉机制的相同之点；然后不断放松模型设定，分别介绍了垄断市场、垄断竞争市场和寡头市场上的信誉机制。

The main factors that affect the development of the Oligopolistic market structure are market competition, modern firm institution, firm merger, technical innovation and Anti-monopoly policy of government.

影响 西方国家寡头垄断市场结构形成与发展的主要因素有市场竞争、企业并购、现代企业制度、技术进步和政府反垄断政策等。

According to the basic theory of market ecoomics and micro-economics,the marktstyle of irrigation sector has been identified as unperfected nature monopolize market,withthe characteristic of the same water being saled to different markets by irrigation waterprovider.

运用市场经济理论和微观经济学的基本原理，分析了灌溉水市场的基本特征，确定灌溉水市场为厂商向不同市场销售同一产品的限制性自然垄断市场。

With linear demand ,duopolies choose the socially optimal number of competing units.

考虑线性需求函数的情况，在双头垄断市场，通过这种竞争达到限制性社会最优；在多头垄断市场，子公司设立过多。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。