垄断

Based on the important results obtained from the present research on second degree price discrimination, this dissertation makes a systemic and more practical mathematics study on the side of the manufacturer angels, including further and more deeply research on monopoly manufacturer how to actualize second price discrimination under nonlinear demand function, Nash equilibrium of second degree price discrimination under the condition of competition with different demand functions, monopoly manufacturer how to actualize second

结果表明，其纳什均衡结果存在依赖于两厂商产品的市场占有率，并且两厂商需求区间的分段数越多，其纳什均衡存在的必要条件要求他们的实力越接近；第四章针对实际情况将确定性需求条件下厂商处于完全垄断状态下的二度价格歧视理论研究推广到不确定性需求条件下的二度价格歧视理论研究，更进一步地研究了垄断厂商在线性随机需求条件下的二度价格歧视模型，用计算机模拟了此模型的可行性，分析模拟结果得出了一系列重要结论，最后给出了更具一般性的不确定需求条件下的二度价格歧视模型，并严格证明了此模型的可行性；第五章对全文进行总结。

Incident comments on: This event definition the determination of Windows of edition of pilfer of Microsoft blow China, but the software with compositive and numerous on the other hand Windows, suffer the widespread dissatisfaction of market of domestic and international software, if at this moment blow of edition of pilfer of Microsoft reentry travel, what cause then is chain-reacting likely, microsoft is possible antitrust of because of this be charged with, since since antitrust law will be carried out in August, microsoft made the central point that everybody pays close attention to, be accused by the country such as the European Union because of Microsoft antitrust is precedented already, where is follow the same old disastrous road of the congress in whether knowing to be in?

事件点评：此次事件说明了微软打击中国盗版Windows的决心，但是另一方面Windows集成众多的软件，遭到国内外软件市场的普遍不满，如果这时微软再进行盗版打击，那引起的有可能是连锁反应，微软有可能因此而被控告反垄断，自从8月反垄断法实施以来，微软就成为了众人关注的焦点，因为微软被欧盟等国家控告反垄断已有先例，不知道是否在中国会重蹈覆辙呢？

When making a price, the land agent will adopt some price strategy that is idiomatic by monopolistic manufacturer, for example, monopolistic price, following strategy when dominant manufacturer leading price, cahoot, price discrimination, predacity price and so on.

房地产开发商在制定房地产价格时，一般垄断厂商所惯用的一些价格策略都会采用，如垄断定价、在领导厂商主导价格的条件下其他开发商选择跟随策略、合谋、价格歧视、拍卖竞价、掠夺性定价等。

And practices, such as cartels and price-fixing, but allows for monopolies that

法案禁止像企业联合和定价这样的垄断协议和垄断惯

The government-oriented land reserve model has achieved some good results, but it is still going under way and some problems do exist, which can be listed as follows: 1 The legal rights of the people whose land has been purchased may be infringed upon because of the government's monopoly over the land purchase price; 2 Aimed at increasing land remise income, the local government reduces land supply for the purpose of raising land price, which arouses people's suspicion upon land reserve system. 3 The government-oriented land reserve model needs large funds and it is difficult to meet the demand for funds mainly by bank loans, which results in more risks in the operation of land reserse funds.

在肯定成效的同时，还应看到政府主导型土地储备模式还处在发展初期，实际工作中也遇到了一些问题：一是要求所有进入城市流转的土地必须由政府统一收购，容易引起地方政府利用垄断权利，压低土地收购价格，侵犯土地被收购者的合法权益；二是政府牢牢掌握城市土地供应的主动权，一切土地经由政府垄断供应，但由于土地供应与地方财政收入密切相关，为增加土地出让收益，地方政府采用"饥饿供地法"来达到提高土地价格的目的，引起了人们对土地储备制度的怀疑；三是政府主导型土地储备模式需要巨额资金加以支持，但以银行贷款为主的融资方式难以满足其资金需求，增加了土地储备资金运行的风险。

To solve such a problem, this paper provide a method combined with the appraisal of commercial opportunity and producer's income. The commercial opportunity appraising is carried upon the analyst of the improvement of the product's function and the renewal of the consumer's demand. Meanwhile, the multimedia products are divided into two kinds, one is call star-network multimedia product, and the other is called mash-network multimedia product. For each type of product, the paper analyses the producer's equilibrium in monopoly market and monopolistic competition market, which provides a method to forecast the producer's income in the future market.

针对这两种现象，本课题在研究过程中提出了商业机会评价结合厂商收益评价的投资机会研究方法，首先通过分析产品功能更新与消费者需求更新的内在关系，识别具有良好商业机会的产品；而后通过将多媒体产品划分为星型网络型多媒体产品和交叉网络型多媒体产品，分别研究在垄断的市场以及垄断竞争的市场条件下厂商的收益水平，识别真正具有良好收益前景的厂商类型，以及影响厂商未来收益的因素。

The one is a love which is self-centered,self-devoted, self-interested: It desires its own interest; it isthe parent of jealousy.

这是一种以自我为中心的爱，自私自利的爱：它只求利己，是嫉妒之源，其目的在于垄断追求的玩物，其本质是私心、垄断。

If the association of undertakings organise undertakings of the branch to reach monopoly agreement in violation of this law, the antimonopoly execution authorities shall impose a fine below 500,000 Yuan; and if the circumstances are serious, the social organization register administrative department shall dissolve the register.

行业协会违反本法规定，组织本行业的经营者达成垄断协议的，反垄断执法机构可以处五十万元以下的罚款；情节严重的，社会团体登记管理机关可以依法撤销登记。

In the developed capitalist countries, especially the state monopoly monopoly capitalism developed to a high level.

在发达资本主义国家，垄断特别是国家垄断资本主义发展到了很高的程度。

The second chapter reviews the traditional theory of natural monopoly in the frame of classical economics, from economics of scales, economics of scopes and to subadditivity of cost, including the extension of"Marshall puzzle"and"theory of contestable markets". The third chapter analyzes the traditional theory of natural monopoly based on the new classical economics, and points out the achievements and the limitations.

我们把这一体系内的自然垄断理论称为传统自然垄断理论，主要经历了规模经济理论、范围经济理论以及成本次可加性理论，当然目前这一领域内还延伸出了马歇尔困境以及有效竞争理论等研究前沿。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。