垄断

It shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, to lease or make a sale or contract for sale of goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities, whether patented or unpatented, for use, consumption, or resale within the United States or any Territory thereof or the District of Columbia or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or fix a price charged therefor, or discount from, or rebate upon, such price, on the condition, agreement, or understanding that the lessee or purchaser thereof shall not use or deal in the goods, wares, merchandise, machinery, supplies, or other commodities of a competitor or competitors of the lessor or seller, where the effect of such lease, sale, or contract for sale or such condition, agreement, or understanding may be to substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce.

第三条 商人在其商业过程中，不管商品是否授予专利，商品是为了在美国内、准州内、哥伦比亚区及美国司法管辖权下的属地及其它地域内使用、消费或零售、出租、销售或签订销售合同，是以承租人、买者不使用其竞争者的商品作为条件，予以固定价格，给予回扣，折扣，如果该行为实质上减少竞争或旨在形成商业垄断，是非法的。

At the meantime, the antitrust policy also set some limitation on these exemptions, which in turn caused some perceivable or unperceivable conflictions and some problems are still under controversy now.

但同时，反垄断政策对这些豁免也作了一些限制，在一些领域常发生或明或暗的冲突，有些问题现在仍处于争议之中。

First, to large extent, unreason able inequality such as the inequality of monopolized industry affect the allocation of the human resource in this industry.

首先不合理收入差距如垄断行业收入差距，在很大程度上影响了这些部门或行业人力资源的质量。

Happily that monopoly turned into a commodity that even ordinary, unschooled people could have.

开心垄断变成一种商品，连普通的民众可以顿挫。

This article explores the following several aspects for innovation.(1) Taking the theories and methods of Regulation Economics and Industrial Organization as our instruction, we study the government regulation mechanism of China's housing market comprehensively and systematically. Combining with the new characteristics of price formation and game, we analyze some problems thoroughly,such as present situation, reason, monopoly structure ,information unsymmetry and land supply under China's price regulation of housing market, and so on.

本文探索如下几个方面以求有所创新：(1)以规制经济学和产业组织理论与方法为指导，全面系统地研究中国住宅市场政府经济规制机理，结合住宅市场价格形成与博弈的新特点，深入剖析中国住宅市场价格经济规制的现状、缘由、土地供给、垄断市场结构、信息不对称以及限价房和保障性住房价格规制等问题。

Hangzhou land running, especially the old city's limited land running to ensure that the prices of relatively strong (even in 2003, an increase in land delivery, the transfer of residential land area is only 3500 acres); the Government of a land market Monopoly and the stability of the upset sale price to determine the security for the reserve price.

杭州的土地上，尤其是老城区的有限的土地上，以确保价格的相对强劲的（即使在2003年，增加土地供应，转让的住宅土地面积只有3500英亩）；政府的土地市场的垄断地位和稳定的底价销售价格，以确定安全底价。

The study indicated multination company have violence motivation to carry competition strategy behavior out,the action is decided by market division and market vallation of multination company.

但不可回避的事实是，跨国公司的进入加剧了国内市场的竞争，特别是一些国内的大型垄断或民族企业都受到了严重的挑战，比如在胶卷、汽车、饮料等行业，国内企业和

In the meantime, vendibility is the direct foundation of oligopoly price, international market value is the direct foundation of international market price.

同时，市场价值是垄断价格的直接基础，国际市场价值是国际市场价格的直接基础。

This paper elaborates that the public transportation enterprises in Chinese Mainland are gradually introducing market mechanism,such as invitation public bidding and vendue.

论文首先阐述了中国大陆公共交通企业目前因为主要由国企垄断经营，在成本上升、客源下降的情况下，正逐渐引入市场竞争机制，如公共交通线路的招标与竞拍等。

This paper elaborates that the public transportation enterprises in Chinese Mainland are gradually introducing market mechanism, such as invitation public bidding and vendue. Because these enterprises are mainly managed by the state, they are currently under the circumstance of cost-rising and passenger-descending.

论文首先阐述了中国大陆公共交通企业目前因为主要由国企垄断经营，在成本上升、客源下降的情况下，正逐渐引入市场竞争机制，如公共交通线路的招标与竞拍等。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。