垄断

The monopoly of capital becomes a fetter upon the mode of production, which has sprung up and flourished along with, and under it.

资本的垄断成了与这种垄断一起并在这种垄断之下繁盛起来的生产方式的桎梏。

The feature with administrative most striking forestall is maintain monopoly position with form of jussive of system of government sector regulations, administration, its endanger the loss that depends on social welfare and corrupt crosscurrent, and governmental function change is the key that breaks administrative monopoly.

行政垄断最为显著的特征就是以政府部门规章制度、行政命令的形式维持垄断地位，其危害在于社会福利的损失及腐败横流，而政府职能转变是打破行政垄断的关键。

Chapter 4 mainly studies the market conduct of the natural monopolistic industrial organization in China , from the viewpoint of the market structure having influence on the market conduct. This chapter educed that the market conduct of the natural monopolistic industrial organization in China should be ameliorated, that the market conduct of the natural monopolistic industrial organization in China has low-ying, excessive, insufficient and malfeasant competition and so on mainly states from the background of the transforming economy in China.

第4章从市场结构影响市场行为的角度研究了我国自然垄断产业组织的非价格行为，得出了我国自然垄断产业组织的非价格行为有待改进和规范；从我国转轨经济的背景出发，得出了我国自然垄断产业组织非价格行为存在低度、过度、不充分和不当竞争等主要行为态势。

The basis of classical tying theory is leverage theory, which thinks tying can transfer a monopolizer's power from one product market to another product market. In this way, the monopolizer can monopolize two product markets and obtain more profits than single monopoly.

古典搭售理论的基础是杠杆理论，认为搭售可以将垄断者在一个产品市场上的垄断力量传递到另一个产品市场，从而使得垄断者可以同时垄断两个产品市场，获得比单独垄断更多的利润。

The first one is capital barrier, which means a large amount of initial capital for the perfect monopolizer. This prevents the common enterprise from entrance. The second is the technical barrier, i.e. the monopolizer is in control of certain technology and knack while other enterprises not, and then the market naturally become a monopoly market. Scale economy is the most studied technical barrier. The third one is law barrier, i.e. some exclusive patent rights are protected by the law. For example, patent and copyright are the monopolizations protected by the law. The fourth one is tactic barrier, even without any of the above mentioned barriers; it can also set up barriers through other ways, such as huge amount of advertisement investment.

首先是资本壁垒，即完全垄断企业的起始资本量很大，因此一般的企业难以进入；其次是技术性壁垒，即垄断者掌握了某种生产技术和诀窍，其他企业则没有，这个市场也就自然成了垄断市场，规模经济是一种被研究得最多的技术性壁垒；第三是法律壁垒，有些独家经营的特权是由法律所规定并受到法律保护的，专利和版权就是法律特许的垄断；第四是策略性壁垒，企业即使没有上述三种壁垒，也可以通过其他方式高筑壁垒，例如巨额广告投入。

It analyzes differences and connections between administrative monopoly and state monopoly, between administrative monopoly andeconomic monopoly. Meanwhile, this article points out characteristics of administrative monopoly such as particularity, compulsoriness and secrecy.

分析了行政性垄断行为与国家垄断、经济垄断等相关概念的区别与联系，指出了该行为具有主体的特定性、强制性和较强的隐蔽性等特点，对行政性垄断的成因，作出了学术探讨，给出了笔者的意见。

This thesis stood at the circumstance of Anti-Monopoly Law, thro ugh the comparison of other countries law, pionting that we should put abusing of intellectual property into two circumstances, one is the trading contract of intellectual property , the other is the owner uses his rights to implete monopoly.

本文旨在立足于我国《反垄断法》立法的现状，通过对国际知识产权公约、美国、欧盟、日本规制知识产权滥用的反垄断法律的比较借鉴，为反垄断委员会在将来制定、发布反垄断指南时提供立法建议，文章主要就反垄断委员会在制定指南时应遵守的基本原则；知识产权经营者滥用市场支配地位；知识产权经营者滥用市场支配地位的不同表现形式；知识产权经营者达成垄断协议限制竞争的行为提供指南立法建议。

The paper systematizes the dominant firm theory and the regulation theory, on which we construct two models of dominant competition and regulation cut for the Chinese telecommunication industry.

本论文整体梳理了主垄断理论、管制理论，构建了针对中国电信运营业的主垄断竞争和管制模型，提出中国电信运营业的基本特点为主垄断竞争，这种主垄断竞争在一定条件下是稳定的。

It includes the dead-weight of social welfare created by monopolistic pricing, X-inefficiency caused by monopoly, resource loss created thanks to consumers choosing substitute products and efficiency loss caused by the rent-seeking of monopoly.

垄断的社会成本主要包括垄断定价造成的社会福利净损失、垄断导致的X-非效率、消费者选择替代产品所造成的资源损耗以及垄断寻租活动造成的效率损失等。

The legal economic analysis of monopoly is to discourse what is the monopoly, how to verdict the monopoly and how to value the monopoly by means of the analysis of the market structure.

垄断的法律经济分析是通过对市场结构的分析，对究竟何为垄断、怎样确认垄断以及如何评价垄断现象所进行的论述。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。