垄断

Administrative monopoly widely exists in the developing countries experiencing establishment of the market economy , so does our nation China ineluctably during the mode-change period .

行政垄断广泛存在于处于市场化进程中的发展中国家，转型时期的中国也不可避免地存在着大量的行政垄断现象。

2There are Positive correlation between the shares of bubble level and the competitiveness of industries: In fully competitive industries, the average bubble of company is minimum for 19.95 percent; followed by the complete monopoly industries, the average is the highest level of the bubble monopoly competitive industries, the average is 58.73% in 4 years; The difference of intercompany bubble is related to the competitiveness of the industry , and monopoly characteristics of the industry has more Positive impact of stock bubble than perfect competition to the industry.

2股票的泡沫水平与公司所在行业的竞争性水平相关：完全竞争性行业公司的平均泡沫最低，为19.95%，其次是完全垄断性行业，平均泡沫水平最高的是垄断竞争性行业，四年平均达到58.73%；公司间泡沫水平的差异与公司所在行业的竞争性水平正相关，并且，垄断行业的行业特征对股价泡沫正的影响比完全竞争行业的要大。

After the reform and opening-up, the monopolistic socialism is changing to competitive socialism since the former will lead socialism nowhere while the latter is invigorative.

改革开放后，垄断的社会主义开始向竞争的社会主义转变。垄断的社会主义会把社会主义带进死胡同，唯有竞争的社会主义才有生命力。

The state entitles the meteorological department to issue the meteorological forecast monopolistically so as to maintain the accuracy and security of the meteorological forecast .

为了保证气象预报的准确和安全，国家赋予了气象部门垄断发布气象预报的权利，但是没赋予其垄断传播气象预报的权利。

In this paper I survey the theoretical literature on reputation mechanism for experience goods markets from the point of view of market structure. First, common features of reputation mechanisms in different market structures are revealed by a simple repeated games model. Then theoretical literature on reputation mechanisms in monopolistic, oligopolistic and monopolistically competitive markets is introduced respectively by loosing assumptions in the basic model one after another.

本文从市场结构的角度综述了关于体验品市场上信誉机制的国外理论文献：首先通过分析一个简单的重复博弈模型，揭示了各个市场结构中信誉机制的相同之点；然后不断放松模型设定，分别介绍了垄断市场、垄断竞争市场和寡头市场上的信誉机制。

The state entitles the meteorological department to issue the meteorological forecast monopolistically so as to maintain the accuracy and security of the meteorological forecast. Nevertheless,the meteorological department has not been granted the powers to monopolize the meteorological forecast and its distribution.

为了保证气象预报的准确和安全，国家赋予了气象部门垄断发布气象预报的权利，但是没有赋予其垄断传播气象预报的权利。

The state entitles the meteorological department to issue the meteorological forecast monopolistically so as to maintain the accuracy and security of the meteorological forecast. Nevertheless, the meteorological department has not been granted the powers to monopolize the meteorological forecast.

为了保证气象预报的准确和安全，国家赋予了气象部门垄断发布气象预报的权利，但是没赋予其垄断传播气象预报的权利。

Figure 3 Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition Monopolistically Competitive Firm Price MC Markup Perfectly Competitive Firm Price MC ATC ATC P P = MC Marginal cost MR Demand P = MR 0 Quantity produced Efficient scale Quantity 0 Quantity produced = Efficient scale Quantity Excess capacity

图3。 垄断竞争和完全竞争垄断竞争企业价格价格加成价格完全竞争企业 MC ATC P = MC MC ATC 边际成本 P = MR 需求曲线 MR 生产量有效规模需求产量生产量=有效规模产量过剩市场能力

Figure 3 Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition Monopolistically Competitive Firm Price MC Price Perfectly Competitive Firm ATC MC ATC P P = MC P = MR MR Demand 0 Quantity produced Efficient scale Quantity 0 Quantity produced = Efficient scale Quantity

图3。 垄断竞争与完全竞争垄断竞争企业价格 MC ATC 价格 MC ATC 完全竞争企业 P 过剩生产能力需求产量生产量有效规模 P = MC P = MR 需求曲线产量产量=有效规模产量

In this market, real estate all the particularity of the product itself, together with certain existing institutional arrangements of the imperfect, which makes the market completely in monopolistic or oligopolistic structure of state.

在这个市场中，房地产的特殊性，所有的产品本身，以及一些现有的体制安排的不完善，这使市场完全垄断或寡头垄断的结构状态。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。