垄断

This paper propose that due to the lack of competition and information asymmetry, dual level of interest group cause by the ITmonopoly put IT in low efficiency performance and damage the interests of investor, senior manager and IT department are reluctant to break the monopoly as beneficiary.

本文提出了企业IT服务垄断及IT管理垄断两个概念，现有IT治理研究与IT服务垄断密切相关，而对IT管理垄断问题重视不足。

Because the government and all of its departments and all the organizations with certain administrative power have the power to eliminate or limit the market rivalry to a certain extent ,they all can be the executant of administrative monopoly.

行政垄断行为并非行政主体某个明确的单个行政行为的指称，而是对行政主体各类排除或限制竞争的行政行为的一个概括，其更确切的表达应该是行政限制竞争行为，而与国家垄断有很大的区别。行政垄断行为是行政行为，并非市场主体的经济垄断，应与在行政垄断行为支持下形成的市场垄断严格区分开来。

A monopoly should be distinguished from monopsony, in which there is only one buyer of a product or service; a monopoly may also have monopsony control of a sector of a market.

垄断应有别于垄断，其中只有一个买方的产品或服务；垄断也可能垄断控制部门的市场。

The author also indicate that allof the systems have commonness, i.e. specialty, independence and princedom. The third part: the author discuss china's existing system, indicating that china do nothave a complete antitrust law opposing the urgency against antitrust. The existingregulation regulate antitrust incompletely without standard executive department and theallocation of the function is unreasonable.

另一方面，虽然各国反垄断机构设置不同，各有优劣，但是却都具有专业性、独立性和权威性等共性第三部分分析中国反垄断执法体制现状，指出中国当前虽有反垄断立法的迫切需要，但是中国目前没有比较全面、完整的反垄断法律，现有的法律规范中反垄断规定过于散乱，缺乏权威的执法部门，对执法机构的职责配置不合理。

Firstly, on the basis of analysis for development of industrial organization theory, the paper analyzes natural monopoly for electricity industry respectively from produce rule and determinant method, studying measure methods for monopoly degree for electricity generation market, analyzing quantitatively for natural monopoly output on the terms of cost subadditivity and analyzing current market structure for Chinese electricity industry with "Structure-Conduct-Performance" method of industrial organization theory.

在分析产业组织理论的发展动态的基础上，首先分别从生产规律特点和自然垄断的判定方法对电力产业进行自然垄断分析，研究了发电市场的垄断度的度量方法，依据成本劣可加性的定义对电力产业的自然垄断产出进行量化分析；同时按照产业组织理论的"S-C-P方法"分析了目前中国电力产业的市场结构。

As the evolution of economics, new classical economics has been grown for three stages in natural monopoly, and they are economics of scales, economics of scopes and subadditivity of costs in turn. We review and analyze these thoughts and theories about natural monopoly, and then forecast the trend of natural monopoly theory based on the new institute economics.

本文在对这些理论加以梳理、分析之后，借助新制度经济学的理论和分析工具，预测了自然垄断理论的发展趋势，那就是自然垄断成因由技术成本因素过度到交易成本因素，自然垄断形成机制是在经济学上的自增强机制以及交易成本约束下的一体化理论下完成的，这与先验性的决定自然垄断然后再在行政上加以规制是不同的。

From the point of industrial organization, the corporation monopoly character of Japan's model of capitalism implies that the enterprise group, the main composition and basic feature of Japan's industrial organization, is itself dependent on corporation monopoly and the essential context of corporate monopoly; meanwhile, the fundamental position of the zaibatsu circle and financial institutions embodies also the corporation monopoly feature of Japan's industrial organization system in current situation.

在宏观调控层面，日本资本主义模式的法人垄断特性主要体现在：财界作为法人垄断资本及其集团的代表对日本政党、政治和政府的高度操纵；日本政府宏观经济职能的强化，要以法人垄断为基础和条件；在宏观调控过程中形成的财政赤字危机，其实质也在于法人垄断；而政府宏观金融调控的有效实施，则依赖于以法人垄断为主要特征的日本式金融体制。

The policy should reform the wage and non-income distributions in different kinds of administrative monopoly departments, reduced the effect of administrative monopoly power on income distribution. The policy should not only broaden the human capital return, but also reduice the inconsequence income gap between different departments. The income structure\'s optimization should include appropriate ratio of wage and non-wage income, the increacement of the income items\' explicitness, standardization, competitory and its encouraging function. The policy should also establish the management mechanism between the price of administrative monopoly product and the increment of administrative monopoly department\'s capital; prevent the problem of income gap by the welfear depression effect of administrative monopoly department.

行政垄断收入分配差距的治理必须首先针对行政垄断部门类型，改革其工资和非工资性收入分配制度，降低行政垄断因素在收入分配中所起的作用；在解决部门内部人力资本回报差距平均化倾向的同时降低行政垄断和非垄断部门间收入差距非合理扩大的状况；优化收入结构，有效处理工资和非工资性收入之间的关系，增加收入项目的透明度和规范性，提高其竞争性和激励作用；建立行政垄断产品提价与行政垄断部门增资的有效管理机制，防止由于行政垄断部门收入对市场福利侵占而导致的收入差距扩大。

Third,international community has already proposed anti-monopoly law, we can make reference to European Anti-competition law,through case laws and mechanism,e.g.how to judge the monopoly behavious of corporations in the market,how to determine the corporation\'s leading position in the market,to monopolize the market through merger and acquisition of other corporations;besides,we can also make reference to law of other countries such as Fair Trading Act of the U.K.,the Competition Act of the U.K.,the Guidelines of merger in the U.S., Antitrust Act of the U.S.,the Guidelines of European Anti-trust laws, Guidelines on merger in European Union,and the Trade-Related Anti-Trust Measures,the Trade Related Investment Measures and etc.

第三，国际社会提出制定反垄断法的模式，我们可以参考欧盟垄断法，通过案例和机制，例如：怎样判定企业在市场的垄断行为、怎样界定市场支配地位、对公司通过合并与收购的行为来把市场垄断；再且，我们也会参考一些其它国家如英国公平贸易法、英国竞争法、美国的合并指引、美国垄断法、欧盟垄断法规指引、欧盟合并条例，还有《与贸易有关的及垄断措施协议》(Trade-Related Anti-Trust Measurers)、《与贸易有关的投资措施》(trade Related Investment Measures)等法规、条例来参考讨论。

Monopoly in period of monopoly capitalism was different with business monopoly: monopoly ally dominate all of economic field, big capitalists collect mint capital, they control price and form the monopoly rein.

此时的垄断与曾经出现过的商业垄断不同之处在于：垄断资本主义时期的垄断联合统治着资本主义经济的一切领域，大资本家手里集中了巨额资本，在一定范围内操纵市场价格，在经济上形成了垄断统治的局面。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。