垂直状态

A knowledge-based correction term in the objective function is proposed. The relationship between state estimatin and parameter estimation is analyzed. A strategy of projecting the objective function from the augmented solution space to the parameter space is proposed and proved.

该文提出基于经验知识的参数估计目标函数修正项，导出状态估计与参数估计目标函数极值的关系，由此提出将目标函数从增广解空间垂直投影到参数空间的估计策略，并指出参数估计偏差的成因。

Furthermore, you must keep your feet stowed directly in front of you at all times in such a way that your legs do not touch my legs or penetrate any part of the imaginary vertical plane separating your seating space from mine.

还有，保证管好你的脚，随时保持并拢的状态；别绊着我，也不要幻想通过飞机上一个虚无的垂直点还抢我的地方。

Analyzing the relation between earthquake and structure distortion, main fault belt, crust, upper mantle, ground fracture, hotspring, geotherm, conductance frame, stress state in Guanzhong area is analyzed with earthquake mechanism, isoseismal line, crustal stress measure, fault displacement measure, and simulating test results. Earthquake formation mechanism is discussed with dynamics mechanism in Guanzhong base. There are 3 forces and a good medium environment, which are main reasons caused earthquake happened in Guanzhong area. The first force is NE and NEE level extrusion one which is parallel with long axis of Guanzhong base. The second one is level strain which is vertical with long axis of the base.

对地震与构造形变、主要断裂带、地壳及上地幔、地裂缝、温泉和地热、电性结构等关系进行了分析研究，通过震源机制解、地震等烈度线、地应力测量、断层位移测量及模拟试验等成果，分析了关中地区的地应力状态，从关中盆地的动力学机制，对该区的地震成因机制进行了探讨，认为与关中盆地长轴平行的NE和NEE向的水平挤压力、与盆地长轴方向垂直的水平张力及地幔上涌力三组力的作用，加之壳内高导层这一有利的介质环境，是导致关中地区地震发生的主要原因。

It is shown that, in some areas, such as Tarim Basin, Beishan and Qaidam Basin, although the results derived from traditional Airy model and lithospheric isostasy model are close, the lithospheric isostasy model can explain the nature of the mass balance in a more reasonable way.

计算结果表明，在一些地区，如塔里木盆地、北山和柴达木盆地，尽管岩石圈均衡模型和Airy模型得到了一致的海拔值，但岩石圈均衡模型更能体现均衡过程的物理本质；除青藏高原造山带外的多数块体，岩石圈均衡模型的计算结果更接近观测海拔和地表垂直运动状态；总体上，考虑地幔岩石圈热结构影响后，中国大陆各地区的均衡结果普遍优于传统的均衡模型。

When the temperature of ambient air increases with altitude, the lapse rate is negative, or inverted, from the normal state.

当四周空气温度随海拔上升，那么垂直递减率与正常状态是消极，或相反的。

In every state of stress there exist at least three principal planes, which are mutually perpendicular.

对每一种应力状态，至少存在三个主平面，它们互相垂直。

The results show that the scattered radiant intensity is always symmetric with respect to the polarization plane, and that the scattered intensity is sensitive to the scattering particle size regardless of the incident radiation polarization, and finally, that the vertical components in the scattered light are totally different distribution for two kinds of polarized radiation.

散射粒子直径分别为：1.24μm、0.494μm、0.36μm、0.123μm、0.065μm。以粒子与水技不同比例混合液，作为散射粒子场。所得结果表明，散射光强度总是相对入射光束的偏振面呈对称分布；散射光强度对散射粒子大小敏感而与入射光偏振态无关；散射光中垂直偏振分量在两种光入射下存在完全不同的状态分布。

The maximum run-out distance is 3200m. The three cases are studied from the Niuquangou rockslide-debris flow at the south west segment of the main seismic fault, the Chengxi rockslide at the middle segment of the main seismic fault and the Donghekou rockslide-debris flow at the north east segment of the main seismic fault.The three cases illustrates following common characteristics:(1)parent rockmass is broken under long geologic processing and weathered;(2) Rockmass was separately expanded and thrown under long-period strong ground vibration in which the vertical motion was predominant along the main seismic fault;(3)sliding mass was crashed at the exiting zone and transferred to fragment material;(4) The secondary landslide was triggered underneath the exiting zone due to the powerful crashing and shaving processes that provides more mass to debris body and cushion shape;(5) The a long run-out distance fragment flow is occurred under air layer lubrication. The air layer was pressed and turbulently flowed in the narrow-shaped valley, or laminarly flowed in the extensive flatland.

本文重点解剖了位于地震破裂带南西段的汶川映秀牛圈沟滑坡-碎屑流、位于地震破裂带中段的北川城西滑坡和位于地震破裂带北东段青川东河口滑坡-碎屑流3个典型实例，认为具有如下特征：1）岩性条件：母岩遭受长期构造动力作用，呈碎裂岩体，后期被强烈风化，岩体极为破碎；(2）抛掷效应：位于汶川地震主断裂带或附近，垂直加速度大于水平加速度，强地面运动持时长，岩体发生振胀和抛掷；3）碰撞效应：上部滑坡体发生高位剪出和高位撞击，致使岩体碎屑化；(4）铲刮效应：撞击作用导致下部山体被铲刮，形成次级滑坡，为碎屑流体提供了足够展翼和抛洒物源体积；5）气垫效应：碎屑化岩体快速抛掷导致下部沟谷空气迅速谷状圈闭和向下紊流，形成气垫效应，或者，在下部地形开阔地带压缩空气呈层流状态致使滑体凌空飞行。

Methods A total of 35 vertical strabismus patients were examined before and after surgery with corneal topography and stigmatometer.

方法用散瞳验光和角膜地形图检查，对35例垂直斜视进行手术前后屈光状态的动态分析。

First of all, a system of linearized equations was set up with respect to an atmosphere at rest, and a couple eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem was formulated, which consists of horizontal and vertical structure equations with suitable boundary conditions.

首先，建立了静止大气状态下模式的线性化系统，并在适当的边界条件下将线性化系统分解成具有垂直与水平结构方程的本征值、本征函数耦合问题。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。