垂直

A knowledge-based correction term in the objective function is proposed. The relationship between state estimatin and parameter estimation is analyzed. A strategy of projecting the objective function from the augmented solution space to the parameter space is proposed and proved.

该文提出基于经验知识的参数估计目标函数修正项，导出状态估计与参数估计目标函数极值的关系，由此提出将目标函数从增广解空间垂直投影到参数空间的估计策略，并指出参数估计偏差的成因。

In order to mine the structure difference of the chinese and english characters,the gradient information of the pixel based horizontal and vertical stroke vector,gradient orientation correlogram and the relative gray information of the location correlation pixels based census transform histogram are used,they can be robust to illumination,noise and resolution and so on,and can be applied to camera-based images.

为了能够很好地挖掘中英文字符之间的结构差异，提出采用基于象素梯度信息的水平垂直笔画向量和梯度方向相关图，以及基于位置相关象素的相对灰度信息的Census变换直方图，它们对光照、噪声以及分辨率等都具有良好的鲁棒性，可以应用于基于相机的图像。

It is found that,there are two types of interfacial cracking patterns of the ceramic coat: in the cooling process, mode Ⅰ is vulnerable to crack at the peak position of the cosine curve, and mode Ⅱ at the middle position; in the heating process, interface edges are introduced into the ceramic coat/substrate system as a result of the vertical cracks emergence, and the ceramic coat will transversely crack at these positions because of the stress concentration effect.

计算时对陶瓷层材料分别按理想线弹性本构和黏塑性本构模型开展了模拟。分析发现，陶瓷层的界面开裂存在两种模式：在降温过程中，陶瓷层容易出现界面波峰处的Ⅰ型开裂与腰部位置处的Ⅱ型开裂；在升温过程中，陶瓷层容易发生垂直开裂使结构中出现陶瓷层/基体的界面端，界面端部严重的应力集中效应使陶瓷层容易在该处横向开裂形成界面处的边裂纹。

The obtained mass spectra of methyl iodide was different from others when coulomb explosion happened. We didn...

分析了碳和碘的各价离子的角分布，比较了激光在水平和垂直偏振时各种离子强度的变化。

He proved that the left ward turning of Yangtze river diluted water is mainly resulted from the interaction between the bottom declining and the lag of the transversal pressure gradient, made the numerical simulation and preliminary study on the thermohaline staircase structure formation mechanism, improved American Academician Wunsch's inverse method of ocean circulation, jointed the discover of " Mindanao Under Current", which is the first ocean current found and named by Chinese scientists and widely accepted over the world, simulated the horizontal and vertical carbon fluxes in East China Sea by a simple ecosystem model, estimated the photosynthesis efficiency less than 8% in Jiaozhou Bay, applied statistical downscaling technology to Chinese coast and Japanese islands realizing the simulation and forecast of sea level low frequency variations, pointed out that the quasi-periodicity of El Nino events should be resulted from the interaction between the 3~4 year oscillation in tropical Pacific and decadal oscillation in the northern Pacific of middle latitudes of the air-sea coupled climate system and at decadal time scale the precipitation influence on sea level variation along Chinese coast and Japanese islands becomes more important, which is closely related to the decadal oscillation of air-sea coupled climate system, therefore precipitation most likely play a major role for the decadal oscillation formation;; proposed Extended Associate Pattern Analysis to analyse combined observed datasets of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure or geopotential hight at 1000 hPa (GH1000) over the Pacific and related seas.

论证了长江冲淡水向左转向主要由于底形下倾与横向压力梯度滞后相互作用的结果。对温盐阶梯结构的形成过程及物理机制进行了数值模拟与初步探讨。改进了美国科学院院士Wunsch的大洋环流反演法。与胡敦欣院士共同发现了"棉兰老潜流"，这是第一支由中国科学家发现、命名并得到普遍承认的洋流。借助较为简单的生态模式数值模拟了东海的水平与垂直碳通量；胶州湾浮游植物的屏蔽效应可以使底层海水温度在升温季节降低2度，由此推算出其光合作用的效率应小于8%；浮游植物春季水华的生物过程实际上强化了海水层化的物理过程。将统计学降尺度技术应用于日本列岛和我国沿海，实现了海平面长周期变化的模拟与预报。

To some extent, it widens the numerical methods for studying CPs.

具体研究内容为线性互补问题在如下两方面的推广：垂直线性互补问题。

Therefore, the 'generalized velocity unit' was introduced on the assumption that the surface velocity in the direction perpendicular to the line is a steady velocity frame with the topographic relief. The 3-D tomostatics velocity inversion was improved to suit the crooked wide line geometry.

为此，在假设垂直测线方向上表层速度是随地形起伏的稳定速度结构的情况下，引入"广义速度单元"概念，对三维层析静校正速度反演过程加以改进，使其适合宽、弯线资料观测系统。

Push reel on cutting paper size of stvor is back, it should be parallel with the crop marks, and table vertically.

1推纸器上裁切纸张尺寸的基准线是后挡规，其应与裁切线平行，与工作台垂直。

This means that the cross product is zero, and therefore that the vectors are at right angles.

还这意味着叉乘为0，因此两向量（译注：矩阵中的行列代表的向量）相互垂直。

You need to know what the cross product is and what it means geometrically (a vector perpendicular to the vectors with a length equal to the sine of the angle between them).

你需要知道向量积是什么，以及它的几何意义(一个和两个向量都垂直的向量，长度等于原来两向量的长度乘以两向量的夹角的正弦)。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。