垂体的

Through immunocytochemistry study, we found that the α3 and/or α5 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are predominantly expressed in the oxytocinergic neurons. Our finding is quite different from the conclusion of the British scholar Dr. Mason's work in 1980s. We also found in this study that, the α3 and/or α5 subunits of N-AChR can also be expressed on the axons of oxytocinergic neurons, and these immunoreactive axons could be seen projecting to the median eminence and further to the posterior end of neurohypophysis. In the hypothalamus of the 7-day postnatal pup rats, the expression patterns of α3 and/or α5 subunits of N-AChR are similar to that in adult rats.

我们用免疫组化的方法发现，α3和/或α5型烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor，N-AChR)亚单位在大鼠下丘脑OT能神经元中呈优势性的表达，这与上世纪八十年代英国学者Mason类似工作的结论不一致；而且我们还发现α3和/或α5型N-AChR亚单位还表达在OT能神经元的轴突，此阳性免疫反应的轴突一直延续到正中隆起和神经垂体的末端；在新生7天大鼠的下丘脑，α3和/或α5型N-AChR亚单位的分布类似成年鼠。

The results were as follows:The pituitary of Long-snout catfish included adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis have six-cell types in common,i.e adrenocorticotro-phs,lactot-rophs,somatotrophs,gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and Melanotroph cells. In neurohypophysis, there were three types of neurosecretory fibres, types A1,A2 and B.There were different typesgranules in type A neurosecretory fibres axone.In type B neurosecretory fibres axone, there were many small transparent vesicles.

结果表明：长吻魷脑垂体包括腺垂体和神经垂体两个部分，腺垂体组织中有六种分泌细胞即促肾上腺皮质激素分泌细胞、催乳激素分泌细胞、生长激素分泌细胞、促性腺激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞、促黑色素细胞刺激激素分泌细胞；神经垂体组织中存在A型(A_1、A_2)和B型神经分泌纤维，A型分泌纤维轴突中具有不同类型的分泌颗粒，B型分泌纤维轴突中含有许多透明小囊泡。

The results were as follows: The pituitary of Long-snout catfish included adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis have six-cell types in common,i.e adrenocorticotro-phs,lactot-rophs,somatotrophs,gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and Melanotroph cells. In neurohypophysis, there were three types of neurosecretory fibres, types A1,A2 and B.There were different types'granules in type A neurosecretory fibres axone.In type B neurosecretory fibres axone, there were many small transparent vesicles.

结果表明：长吻魷脑垂体包括腺垂体和神经垂体两个部分，腺垂体组织中有六种分泌细胞即促肾上腺皮质激素分泌细胞、催乳激素分泌细胞、生长激素分泌细胞、促性腺激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞、促黑色素细胞刺激激素分泌细胞；神经垂体组织中存在A型(A_1、A_2)和B型神经分泌纤维，A型分泌纤维轴突中具有不同类型的分泌颗粒，B型分泌纤维轴突中含有许多透明小囊泡。

ASCL2 gene escapes genomic imprinting in skeletal muscle,fat, heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,stomach,small intestine,uterus,ovary and pituitary.(2) Both of the transcripts of NNAT gene is paternally expressed in skeletal muscle,fat,heart, liver,spleen,lung,kidney,stomach,small intestine,uterus,ovary and pituitary.(3) DIRAS3 gene is paternally expressed in skeletal muscle,fat,heart,liver,spleen,lung, kidney,stomach,small intestine,uterus,ovary and pituitary.(4) DLX5 gene is maternally expressed in skeletal muscle,fat,spleen,lung,stomach,small intestine,but escapes imprinting in heart,liver,kidney,uterus,ovary,testicle and pituitary.

1ASCL2基因在肌肉、脂肪、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、小肠、子宫、卵巢和垂体中均逃脱印记；(2)NNAT基因两个转录本在肌肉、脂肪、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、小肠、子宫、卵巢和垂体中均为母系印记：(3)DIRAS3基因在肌肉、脂肪、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、小肠、子宫、卵巢和垂体中母系印记：(4)DLX5基因在骨骼肌、脂肪、肺、脾、胃和小肠中表达母本来源的等位基因，即表现为父系印记；而在心、肝、肾、子宫、卵巢、睾丸和垂体中表达双亲来源的等位基因，即逃脱印记。3。

Winter by means of radioimmunology and in situ hybridazation to probe into the modulation mechanisms of kidney responsing to the winter, and observed effects of pinealectomy. The results show that there are seasonal changes in the level of MT in the Pineal body, serum, hyperthalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and the same of the third courier---c-fos and the c-jun mRNA expressions in the hyperthalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis from the Summer to the Winter.

首次通过实验，观察了雄性SD大鼠在生理状态下松果体、血清、下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴褪黑素含量的冬夏变化，下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴第三信使（c-fos和c-jun）mRNA表达的冬夏变化以及摘除松果体对上述各项指标冬夏变化的影响，实验结果表明，松果体、血清、下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴褪黑素含量以及下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴第三信使（c-fos和c-jun）mRNA表达都存在明显的季节性变化。

The results showed that (1) the positive staining of ChAT was obviously observed in the cells of the three kinds of human pituitary adenoma, however, it was lower than that in normal human pituitary gland;(2) ACh had a similar effect on the proliferation of the three kinds of human pituitary adenoma cells. ACh at 0.1～10 μmol/L decreased the ［3H］TdR incorporation and the MTT A value in a dose-dependent manner. At the same time, ACh decreased the ratio of S or G2 phase pituitary adenoma cells significantly, but increased the ratio of G1 phase pituitary tumour cells markedly;(3) the effect of acetylcholine on the proliferation of human pituitary adenoma cells was inhibited by atropine, but not by tubocurarine;(4) ACh had no effect on the apoptosis of human pituitary adenoma cells cultured in vitro.

结果发现：(1)三种垂体腺瘤细胞中均有胆碱酯酶的表达，但明显少于正常垂体；(2)ACh对三种类型的人垂体腺瘤细胞增殖代谢的影响相类似，不同浓度的ACh能明显抑制体外培养的三种人垂体腺瘤细胞的增殖，呈明显的剂量效应关系，同时ACh能减少垂体腺瘤细胞进入S、G2期的细胞比例，而使处于G1期的细胞比例增加；(3)ACh的这种作用可被阿托品阻断，但不受筒箭毒的影响；(4)ACh对体外培养的三种人垂体腺瘤细胞凋亡无明显影响。

Results: Lateral extradural approach could be used to expose the second and third branches of trigeminal nerve,trigeminal ganglion,posterior vertical segment of the intrapetrosal ICA,abducent nerve and horizontal segment of the intrapetrosal ICA;lateral intradural approach could be used to expose the lateral,anteroinferior and posterosuperior venous spaces,almost all the cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus and horizontal segments of the intracavernous ICA;superior approach could be used to expose the medial,lateral and posterosuperior venous spaces,medial side of the anterior genu,anterior vertical and clinoidal segments of the intracavernous ICA and the lateral side of the hypophysis.

结果：外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第2、3支，三叉神经节，海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段，外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段；侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧及前下，后上静脉间隙，以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段；上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙，海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面，以及垂体的外侧面。

The available operation range in clivus and anterior cranial base by transsphenoidal opproach was also observed during the operation under the help of neuronavigational pointer. Forty-one patients underwent sublabial, transseptal, transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary region guided by Surgical Microscope Navigation was studied. The piriform aperture was 27. 2mm±3. 1 , the origin of inferior nasal concha 30mm±4. 1, the origin of middle nasal concha 27. 9mm±4. 3. These data are important for transsphenoidal approach, because the piriform aperture and the origin of both inferior and middle nasal conchas restricted the opening width of the Hardy specula. If any distance of these bony structures was much less than the mean one, may cause inadequate opening of the specula blade and resulting dissatisfied operative field. Microadenomas or cystic tumors perhaps can be operated even in a narrow exposure, but large or giant solid adenomas may need a proper evaluation including changing the operative approach or performing a bilateral submucous inferior conchotomy or posterior ethmoidectomy firstly.

手术中还利用CT导航系统观察棒研究了经口—鼻蝶窦入路在斜坡区和前颅底能够达到的实际有效操作范围，为扩大经蝶窦入路手术在斜坡区和前颅底的应用奠定基础，在国内外尚未见同类报道。41例垂体瘤患者梨状孔平均宽度27.2mm±3.1，下鼻甲根部附着处间距30mm±4.1，中鼻甲根部附着处间距27.9mm±4.3，这是经口—鼻蝶窦入路手术中，对Hardy双瓣鼻窥器张开限制的主要骨性结构，若患者这些径线值明显小于平均值，则可能因为鼻窥器打开不充分而影响手术暴露，当然对于垂体微腺瘤和以囊变为主的垂体瘤可能影响不大，但对于大和巨大垂体瘤必须要有充分的准备，包括评估是否改用其他入路，或先行鼻甲切除再行经蝶手术。

Its a practical method to classify pituitary adenoma with a combination of multi-measures: immunohistochemistry, ultrastructure and endocrinal characteristics; Nm23, Ki-67 and microvessel density play an important role in the biological behaviour of pituitary adenoma, and there exist co-relations between the three. The examination of the three helps to determine the biological behaviour of pituitary adenoma, as well as to supervise treatment and prognostic evaluation.

应用免疫组化激素检查、电镜超微结构观察并参考临床内分泌特征对垂体腺瘤进行形态和功能分类为具有实际应用价值的分类方法；nm23、Ki一67和MVD在垂体腺瘤的生物学行为中起重要作用，并且三者在垂体腺瘤中的表达有一定的相关性，三者联合表达的检测有助于判断垂体腺瘤的生物学行为及临床治疗和预后评估。

When aborted rats were injected with 10 IU/g IFN-γin group D, compared with group A, expression of TNF-αinmmuopositive substance in the nucleus pre-opticus medialis, nucleus supra-opticus, nucleus pre-opticus mango celluaris, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami, nucleus arcuatus hypothalami were highly increased, conversely, the ones in the nucleus pre-opticus suprachiasmaticus, neurohypophsis, adenohypophysis, ovary were obviously decreased, the change in the uterus was not remarkable; Compared with group B, expression of TNF-αin the arcuatus hypothalami was obviously enhanced, while in the nucleus pre-opticus suprachiasmaticus, nucleus pre-opticus mango celluaris, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami, neurohypophsis, pars intermedia, ovary, the results were on the contrary, the uterus had no significantly variation; Compared with group C, expression of TNF-αin the nucleus pre-opticus medialis, nucleus supra-opticus, nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami, nucleus arcuatus hypothalami, adenohypophysis and pars intermedia had an obviously risen trend, however, the variation in the nucleus pre-opticus suprachiasmaticus, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, neurohypophsis, pars intermedia, follicle and corpus luteum was completely opposite, uterus had no obviously change.

外源腹腔注射10 IU/g IFN-γ后，同A组相比：D组TNF-α免疫阳性产物在下丘脑视前内侧核、视上核、视前大细胞核、室周核、室旁核、弓状核显著增高，在视交叉上核显著降低，在其它核团较A组无显著差异，在神经垂体、垂体前叶、卵巢中阳性产物表达均较A组显著降低，在子宫中的表达较A组变化不明显；同B组相比：D组TNF-α免疫阳性产物在弓状核显著增高，在视交叉上核、视前大细胞核、室周核、室旁核、腹内侧核、背内侧核、神经垂体、垂体中间部、卵巢各部阳性物质表达均显著降低，在子宫表达变化不显著；同C组相比：D组下丘脑视前内侧核、视上核、室旁核、弓状核、垂体前叶与中间部均显著增高，在视交叉上核、室周核、神经垂体、卵泡、黄体中均显著降低，子宫中表达变化不明显。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！