坯

The multi-pass cogging of H-beam was simulated by finite element method with commercial software ABAQUS.

运用商业有限元软件ABAQUS模拟热轧H型钢的开坯过程。

The first stage is called primary rolling, or cogging.

这个阶段叫作初轧或开坯。

The groove spacing can vary in arbitrary forms, and the image surface can be chosen as a plane or a conicoid.

通过刻划在非球面基坯上的凹面光栅验证了光线追迹方法的可靠性。

Introduced the process about identifying the principle of heating system to improve decarbonization of 60Si2Mn spring flat steel ,In the measurement and analysis process of the decarbonized improvements of spring slab and finished flat steel,bottlenecks of the decarbonized reasons are found by applying statistical techniques.

介绍了60Si2Mn 弹簧扁钢脱碳改进中加热制度原则的确定过程，在弹簧方坯和成品扁钢脱碳改进的测量和分析过程中应用了统计技术，直观、定量找出了脱碳产生原因的瓶颈，提出了进一步的改进措施，探讨了统计技术在品质改进中的重要作用。

The making of cloisonne requires elaborate processes: pure copper base-hammering in various manners, copper or gold strip inlay, enamel-filling, enamel-firing, polshing and gilding, which displays delicateness in copper-strip inlay, bright and smooth glaze, fresh and lightening color.

钓鱼台景泰蓝以紫铜做坯，制成各种造型，再用金线或铜丝掐成各种花样，中充珐琅釉，经烧制、磨光、镀金等工序制成。其制作工艺讲究，掐丝细，釉面光亮，色彩鲜艳而明亮。

Results of the experiment show that, 1 proper semi-solid remelting temperatures of the alloy is in the range of 570℃-571℃; 2 in the condition of optimized reheating processing, the temperature deviation in a billet is O℃-1℃; 3 dendritical colonies of a phase in original billet changed into isolated grains with forms of nodules and granule, which may satisfy the need of semi-solid thixoforming forming in theory.

实验结果表明：1该合金合理的半固态二次重熔温度为570℃-571℃；2在优化的感应加热工艺条件下，半固态重熔坯料内部的温差在0℃-1℃；3半固态重熔过程使原始料坯中的α枝晶组织变成球团状和节杆状组织，满足了半固态触变成型的要求。

From the temperature (612℃) slightly under its liquidus, the nucleation number was most in the melt, the primary grains were fine and global, the number of grains per area was more, and the optimum holding time was near 30min at 612℃. From the temperature (600℃) below its liquidus, the nucleation number was more, but some nucleuses congregated and grew dendritically.

其中 ，液相线铸造法〔4〕是我们开发的一种新的制浆方法，该法使金属熔体在液相线温度附近保温一段时间并形核，然后浇铸成具有细小球形组织的适合半固态成形的铸坯。

The author analyzed total oxygen content, nitrogen content in steel made by typical process and the inclusion composition, change rule, morphology and distribution qualitatively and quantitatively by image analyzer, big sample electrolysis, SEM and energy spectrum analysis. The results showed that final inclusion form was small granule MnS, calcium aluminate, a small quantity of silicate and lumpy Al2O3. By intensifying deoxidation alloying process control in converter, argon blowing and slagging control and desulphuration and calcium reduction operation in refining course and overall-protection casting, the oxygen content was reduced by 20% above averagely, nitrogen content was reduced by about 10% and the inclusion content was reduced by 30%.

通过全O、N分析，夹杂物图像分析仪、大样电解、扫描电镜及能谱分析，定性和定量分析了典型工艺钢种钢中全O、N含量和工序过程夹杂物的构成、变化规律及形态、分布，分析钢中最终夹杂物表现形式主要为小颗粒的MnS、铝酸钙、少量的硅酸盐和块状Al2O3，通过强化转炉脱氧合金化工艺控制、精炼过程吹氩与造渣控制及脱硫和钙处理操作、全程保护浇注，钢水中O含量平均降低20％以上，N含量降低10％左右，铸坯中夹杂物含量降低了30％。

The big size anvil used wax as plasticizer at dewaxing. The main dewax stage from 270℃ to 400℃. Have gas release summit between 400℃ and 750℃. Setting up rational process date at dewax stage can prevent cemented carbide crack. But the crack will appear and impair the quality of products when the microcrack flaw inner compact.

石蜡工艺大制品顶锤在脱蜡阶段，270℃-400℃为成型剂石蜡的主要脱除阶段，400℃-750℃时有气体释放高峰状态，在脱蜡预烧阶段设置合理工艺参数可以防止合金裂纹，但压坯本身若存在微裂纹缺陷，必然会显露出来影响产品质量。

Through survey carefully, we find that if depend on pouring velocity、structural shape of SEN entocoele、angle slope of outlet 、depth of infusion together to make the liquid steel in model revolution in an order flow then it can utilize this kind of energy completely.

通过仔细研究发现，只要依靠浸入式水口内腔结构形状、出口倾角、浸入深度以及浇注速度就可以使方坯连铸结晶器内钢水为旋转的涡流流动，把液态金属的流动动能利用起来。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。