坐标系的

This course consists of three parts : A.The fundamental theory of gyroscopes. a.Kinematics and dynamics of gyroscopes, consisting of Coriolis acceleration, theorem of angular momentum, Euler's dynamical equations, dynamical explanation of gyroscopes' properties. b.Gyroscopes' motion equations, including the complete equations, technical equations and precession equations derived from Euler's dynamical equations, and the technical equations derived from static vs. dynamic method. c.Analysis of gyroscopes' motion. d.Coordinate systems and their mutual transformation. e.Gyroscope drift and its measurement. B.Principle of typical gyroscope instruments, such as gyro compass, gyro north finder, gyro horizon, platform compass, rate gyroscope and integrating gyroscope. C.Principles and applications of new-type gyroscpes, such as electrically suspended gyro, ring laser gyroscope, fiber optical gyroscope, hemispherical resonator gyro, dynamically tuned gyroscope and micro inertial sensors.

本课程教学内容由三部分组成：陀螺仪的基本理论，内容包括：陀螺力学基础（哥氏加速度、角动量定理和欧拉动力学方程、陀螺特性的力学解释）；陀螺仪运动方程和运动分析（用欧拉动力学方程建立完整方程、陀螺仪运动的技术方程和进动方程，用动静法建立技术方程）；坐标系及其变换；陀螺仪的漂移及其测试；典型陀螺仪器（包括陀螺罗经、陀螺找北仪、陀螺地平仪、平台罗经、速率陀螺仪和积分陀螺仪等）的工作原理；新型陀螺仪（包括静电陀螺仪、激光陀螺仪、光纤陀螺仪、半球谐振陀螺仪、挠性陀螺仪、微机械陀螺仪等）的原理及应用。

Maxwell's equations group in fact was already found in the basic experimental laws of electromagnetic phenomena, as well as a single magnetic pole does not exist on the facts and the integrated displacement current assumptions, using an international system of units, these equations can be written as: DivDW =ρ or DW =ρ(1) kiDivBq = 0 or Bq = 0 (2) kiCurlEBq =- Zt or × EqkZ =- BqZt (3) ZCurlHDWDW = jE Zt, or × HW = jE Zkt (4) Z-type in the Curl, and Div were vector operator curl and divergence, Micro-k points for the Hamiltonian operator, in the rectangular coordinate system,= iZZEkx jEy kqz, iE, jE, kq along Zx, y, z-axis unit vector, a vector for any AW are × AW = CurlAW, kAW = DivAW; DW for the electric displacement, Bq for the magnetic induction intensity, Eq, and HW, respectively i field and electric field strength, jY for the conduction current density,ρ the charge density for free.

麦克斯韦方程组实际上是当时已发现的电磁现象的基本实验定律以及单个磁极不存在的事实和位移电流假设的综合，采用国际单位制，这些方程式可写成：DivDW＝ρ或DW＝ρ（1）kiDivBq＝0或Bq＝0（2）kiCurlEBq＝－Zt或×EqkZ＝－BqZt（3）ZCurlHDWDW＝jE＋Zt或×HW＝jE＋Zkt（4）Z式中Curl和Div分别为矢量算符旋度和散度，为哈密顿微k分算符，在直角坐标系中，＝iZZEkx＋jEy＋kqz，iE，jE，kq是沿Zx、y、z轴的单位矢量，对任一矢量AW有×AW＝CurlAW，kAW＝DivAW；DW为电位移，Bq为磁感应强度，Eq和HW分别为电i场和磁场强度，jY为传导电流密度，ρ为自由电荷密度。

The close coupling calculation of rotationally inelastic collision of He with Na_ 2 is first performed by employing a recently computed ab initio potential energy surface.

在已经拟合好的He-Na2体系势能面上，根据原子-双原子分子的非反应性碰撞动力学的相关基本理论，在空间固定坐标系下，采用严格的密耦方法求解了He原子和Na2分子的转动非弹性碰撞动力学方程。

Content of the course consists of:(1)Basic Theories of Polynomials ;(2)Linear Algebra: topics on basic matrix theory, determinant, system of linear equations, vector space, linear transformation, eigenvalue problems, inner product and Euclidean space , and quadratic form etc.;(3) Analytic Geometry: topics on algebraic operations of vectors, coordinates, lines and planes, curves and curved surfaces, etc.

学习本课程后，学生应学会用线性空间与线性变换的观点处理包括线性代数方程组在内的有关理论与实际问题；学会熟练地运用矩阵工具；本课程还学习基本的多项式知识和空间解析几何的基本知识。课程内容包括几个主要部分：（1）多项式代数；（2）线性代数：矩阵，行列式，线性代数方程组，向量空间与线性变换理论，特征值问题，欧氏空间理论，二次型等；（3）解析几何：几何空间向量代数，通过建立坐标系以及借助向量方法研究空间平面与直线及点﹑线﹑面的相互关系，借助曲面方程研究空间曲面，尤其是柱面，锥面，旋转面和二次曲面以及曲面的交线等。

So we need consider the effects of the earth curvature. In global integration, the requirement of the data coverage and the computation are comparative high. In this thesis, a moving coordinate system is used to overcome the effects of the earth curvature. And a differential calculation concept is proposed that assumes the difference of geoid calculated between the central point and its marginal point is constant when the integration area is far away from the central point.

论文中提出了利用柱体积分时采用移动坐标系来顾及地球弯曲的影响，并利用差分的概念，设想离计算区域到一定距离后，流动点对计算区域内的中心点和边缘点的影响之差为一常数，并用试验的方法，统计分析了它们对大地水准面的有效积分拓展范围。

F irst of all from global viewpoint we define a kind of nonlinear control systems on Riemannian manifold , and give the representation of state equation for the nonlinear systems under a local coordinate system of Riemannian manifold

首先从整体化的观点定义了一种建立在黎曼流形上的非线性控制系统，给出了系统的状态方程在黎曼流形的局部坐标系下的表达式

Finally, based on the relative observation data of LS and CCD, the position of objects in local coordinate system can be obtained.

在近景目标三维测量系统中，是根据GPS定位平台的姿态角，通过GPS平台、激光扫描仪及CCD相机之间的固定位置关系，得到CCD相机、激光扫描仪的姿态参数，依据扫描仪和CCD相机对地物点的观测，解算出地物点在当地坐标系下的坐标。

In order to correct these geometric distortions on satellite SAR image, and cooperate this information on SAR image with the information from other sensors, it is necessary to geocode original SAR image, and obtain correct standard geocoded image in the defined map projection.

为了校正星载SAR图象的几何畸变，使SAR图象上的数据信息和其它传感器上得到的信息进行融合，必须对星载SAR原始图象进行地理编码，得到校正后的统一的地图坐标系上的标准地理编码图象。

To avoid the influence of head position change and to overlap and compare the changing hard tissue under the skull reference system, this work set up a three-dimensional reference frame, which was based on point"S'"(the median point of the upper rear brim of the anterior wall of pituitary fossa), point"Na"and point"Ba"and of which point"S"is origin. UNISIGHT is used to get the original coordinates of all the landmarks in the MPR phase.

为消除矫治前后患者头位变化的影响，使治疗前后变化的上下颌骨和牙列以相对不变的颅底结构作为参照系统进行影像的重叠和对比，本研究通过头颅内的固有标志点S'，N，Ba三点确定了参考平面，建立了以S'点为原点的测量三维坐标系。

A series of formulae of calculating physical base and space metric tensor for 3-dimensional non-Cartesian tensor are presented which can be used to obtain the mathematical model for describing geometry and mechanics of continua such as oil and gas in energy-deliverying.

文章提出了三维非笛卡儿张量的空间度量张量的一系列计算公式，可借以建立油气输送等复杂系统的动量或能量传递的物理问题在任意坐标系中的数学模型。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。