坐标

In accordance with two independent rectangular coordinate systems, this paper discusses the complete coordinate formula of the middle spiral curve, the two groups' basic relation which is different to the general one and the significant intentions for averting chain breaking, which comes from the line parameter selected to compute the right coordinate of the curve points.

从二个独立的直角坐标系出发，分析中插缓和曲线点位坐标计算的完整模式，说明中插缓和曲线有别于一般缓和曲线的两种基本关系，指出有效选用连接参数m值在准确计算中插缓和曲线完整点位坐标避免曲线断链的重要作用，结合实例阐述任意测站坐标变换技术计算中插缓和曲线点位坐标的公式和应用效果

Base on central line coordinate given out and calculation formula provided by this paper that calculate azimuth of normal line of any point on central line, calculation of side line coordinate is connected with central line coordinate only, and has no concern with other calculation.

提出了利用道路中线的法线求解路线任意点坐标的计算模式，在计算出中线坐标的基础上，给出了计算中线任一点法线方位角的计算公式，使边桩坐标的计算只与中线坐标有关，而与其他计算无关。

Usually the data from GPS coordinates WGS - 84 system, and the geocentric coordinate system is used BJ54 coordinate our plane right-angled coordinate system, to the needs of work, we must coordinate transformation.

通常GPS测量所得数据的坐标是WGS -84系统的地心坐标系统，而我们常用的BJ54坐标是平面直角坐标系统，为了工作的需要，我们必须进行坐标转换。

This dissertation addresses a practical data processing method of free-form surface for the coordinate measuring machine, including fitting algorithm, probe radius compensation and surface matching .

以坐标变换理论和最优化算法为基础，提出了应用单纯形法，对原始测量点进行坐标平移和旋转变换，将理论坐标与实际坐标统一起来，在此基础上进行误差处理，从而较好的解决了曲面匹配问题。

In the relative coordinate method, the array of the generalized coordinates of the system is formed by the relative coordinates of all rigid bodies. The principle of virtual power and Newton-Euler equations are applied to the system, and arrive at a set of second order differential equations of the generalized coordinates.

在相对坐标法中，系统的广义坐标列阵由系统中各刚体的相对坐标组成，对系统应用牛顿-欧拉方程和虚功率原理，得到系统广义坐标的二阶微分方程组。

It is proved that arc coordinates of a directed curve cannot be used as ordinary coordinates or generalized coordinate s for the motion of an Appell-Hamel particle without a fixed orbit, but they can be used as quasi coordinates.

证明了弧长坐标 s在轨道未知的 Appell- Ham el质点运动中不能作为普通坐标或广义坐标，但可以作为准坐标，指出文献 [1]中引入弧长 s坐标的做法及"Appell- Ham el质点运动的轨迹是一般螺线"的结论是正确的，但其Appell- Ham el约束是完整约束及在该质点运动中 s坐标是广义坐标的观点是错误的。

The production of globoid indexing cam and gas engine burningchamber are employed as refrences to analyze the method to mathematical modeling of complexed functional feature, furthermore, the research work of the character of surface feature production is deeply done .Advancing and optimizing the producting process, as well as the whole simulated machining by making UG NX2. 0 as the supporting system. Building the Fixture Library CAD/CAM Document system and producting template of DMU70V. Exploring the structure and flow chart of the Document System;Developing the MDF File by means of GPM module. All the above provide profound preparation to establish a further integrated manufacturing environment around 5-Axis NC production center.

在本文中，综合论述了特征建模的方法，以弧面分度凸轮和内燃机燃烧室作为实例，重点研究了复杂功能曲面的建模及曲面分析方法；并从五坐标加工角度出发，详细研究了曲面零件的加工特性，提出并优化了具体的工艺过程；利用UnigraohicsNX2.0作为开发工具，对建模和加工过程进行了全程仿真；围绕DMU70V建立了专属夹具库、文件体系及工艺模板；综合规划了五坐标数控加工的CAD/CAM文件体系的结构和运作流程；开发了GPM五坐标后处理DMF文件，为建立以五坐标数控加工中心为主的加工体系打下了良好的基础。

Crack propagation problems under the influence of the edges of the crack subjected to homogenous loads, the origin of the coordinates subjected to concentrated increasing loads, the central zone of the edges of the crack subjected to homogenous loads, the certain point of the edges of the crack subjected to moving unit step loads, the origin of the coordinates subjected to moving increasing loads Px m, the edges of the crack subjected to instantaneous impulse loads, the edges of the crack subjected to moving concentrated variable loads, the origin of the coordinates subjected to point loads, the edges of the crack subjected to a constant moving concentrated loads and the origin of the coordinates subjected to instantaneously moving impulse loads are studied respectively, and the analytical solutions of dislocation distribution function have been obtained.

同时对裂纹面受均布载荷、坐标原点受集中增加载荷、裂纹面中心区受均布载荷、裂纹面上某点受运动阶跃载荷、坐标原点受运动增加载荷Px m、坐标原点受瞬时冲击载荷、裂纹面受运动集中变载荷、坐标原点受集中载荷、裂纹面受常数运动集中载荷、坐标原点受瞬时运动冲击载荷作用下的裂纹扩展问题分别进行了研究，获得了位错分布函数的解析解。

Many analysis technology and space data are designed by the two-dimensional coordinates or plane coordinate, and used plain map projection methods to storage space coordinates, so many times we all need three-dimensional map projection to convert 3D geographical coordinates into the plane coordinates.

许多分析技术和空间数据都是针对二维坐标或平面坐标设计，以平面地图投影的方式来存储空间坐标，因此很多时候我们都需要利用地图投影将三维的地理坐标转换为平面坐标。

First introduced highway alignment's definition, the significance, the developing process and the CASIO series calculator in the highway surveying computation application; Using the traverse survey computation's two basic mathematical model (azimuth calculation, coordinate calculation), compile the corresponding procedure to solve echo the wire coordinate computation; With the aid in the mathematical model which three, four and so on leveling's field operations calculate, compiles the corresponding procedure to solve the road elevation survey computation; According to relaxes the circular curve principal point and the detail coordinate computation mathematical model, based on this programs the solution to relax the circular curve coordinate principal point and the detail coordinate computation, then further develops this procedure to use to calculate the circular curve principal point and the detail coordinate computation.

首先介绍了公路线路的定义、意义、发展过程和CASIO 系列计算器在公路测量计算的应用；利用导线测量计算的两种基本数学模型，编写相应的程序以解决附和导线坐标计算；借助于三、四等水准测量的外业计算的数学模型，编写相应的程序以解决公路高程测量的计算；根据缓和圆曲线主点及细部点的坐标计算的数学模型，在此基础上编程解决缓和圆曲线坐标主点及细部点坐标的计算，然后进一步开发此程序用以计算圆曲线主点及细部点的坐标计算。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。