均热

The design process of the passive optical athermalisation was elaborated by an example. The result was analyzed with an optical design software. It shows that the design result meets the requirement of eliminating the thermal difference and chromatism at the temperature range of -40℃～+60℃.

最后用实例说明光学被动式无热化设计的求解过程，并通过光学设计软件对结果进行分析，说明该设计结果在-40℃～+60℃温度范围内均满足消热差和像差要求。

The coefficients for eliminating the thermal difference and chromatism of common infrared materials were described by Cartesian coordinates.

最后用实例说明光学被动式无热化设计的求解过程，并通过光学设计软件对结果进行分析，说明该设计结果在-40℃～+60℃温度范围内均满足消热差和像差要求。

Generally, blood lipids are transformed by the essential substance from food. Exogenous pathogenic factors, food and spirit stimulation would make the spleen not to transport the body fluid orderly, then the fluid retention is gonging to convert into wetness-evil or chyle in the blood, what is the phlegm-wetness in the blood.

血脂在正常状态下是人体吸收了水谷精微所化生的精微物质，外感、饮食情志内伤等因素均可导致脾运障碍，脾不散精或脾不布津，津聚为湿，湿浊壅滞，反生浊脂，化为血中之痰浊，湿蕴从阳化热，酿生湿热，阻于中焦，蒙上流下，随之而来又渐渐影响到三焦所属脏腑的气化功能。

To investigate whether the expression of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in spermatogenic cells during spermatogenesis is actually a temperature dependent event, in situ hybridization, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to study the expression of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in normal and cryptorchid testis. Results showed that heat would differentially hurt male germ cells in different developmental stages during spermatogenesis, especially the pachytene primary spermatocytes. Most of spermatogonia in contralateral cryptorchid testis were not harmed fatally by heat as yet, indicating that spermatogonia could resist to beat to a certain extent. In this case spermatogonia could develop to pachytene/diplotene primary spermatocytes, but they could not acquire the ability to complete the transition from mitosis to meiosis, and then appeared to go through apoptosis. Therefore, we could not find the descendants of meiosis: secondary spermatocytes and round spermatids, elongated spermatids and spermatozoon. The abdominal temperature had no significant influence on the transcription of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in the spermatogonia and pachytene/diplotene primary spermatocytes. In normal rabbit testis, cyclin B1 increased in the pachytene/diplotene primary spermatocytes before meiosis and reached its peak in the spermatids.

为了解精子正常发生过程中cdc2和cyclin B1表达的低温依赖性，我们利用原位杂交和免疫组化等方法，研究了正常和隐睾精子发生过程中cdc2和cyclin B1的转录和翻译调控活动，结果表明：（1）热对各阶段的雄性生殖细胞都有损害，粗线期的初级精母细胞尤为敏感，实验性隐睾内的精原细胞尚未完全受到"致命"影响，说明精原细胞对热有一定的耐受性，但即使成为粗线期／双线期初级精母细胞，却未能获得由有丝分裂过渡到减数分裂的能力，呈现不同程度的凋亡，所以在整个切片中找不到源自减数分裂的产物----次级精母细胞、圆形精子细胞，更谈不上长形精子细胞和精子的形成；（2）腹腔高温未明显地影响隐睾精原细胞和粗线期/双线期初级精母细胞中cyclinB1和cdc2的转录，说明高温并不是通过影响cyclin B1和cdc2的转录活动而导致生精过程阻断的；（3）正常兔睾丸组织中，〓在精原细胞和粗线期／双线期精母细胞中均有表达：cyclin B1蛋白在减数分裂前期的粗线期／双线期初级精母细胞中的表达量增加，于变态末期的精子细胞中达高峰。

All the decomposition temperature of the polymer was above 300 ℃, with a good thermal stability.

所有共聚物的热分解温度均在300℃以上，具有良好的热稳定性。

This makes more and more people pay more attention to studies and applications of numerical simulation in thermal recovery. In this research, we have developed a reliable mathematical model for thermal recovery, which takes a full consideration of the effect of viscos, gravitical and capillary forces on the three-phase flow of gas, water and oil, the effect of the temperature on the medium characteristics of liquid and solid, the phase equilibrium of gas-liquid in each component, heat transportation including connection, conduction and radiation as well as heat losses in both the overburn and underlying strata. In the space discreation of the mathematical model, we have proposed a new method based on the improvement of the conventional nine-points difference approximation, which has a higher difference accurancy.

本项研究以热力采油的主要机理为基础，充分考虑在粘性力、重力和毛管力作用下油水气三相流动，考虑温度对各种流体和固体介质物性的影响，考虑每一组分中汽液两相的相平衡，考虑热在地层中的传导、对流和辐射以及上下盖层的热损失，利用热力学第一定律、质量守恒定律和流体迁移定律，建立了正确可靠的注蒸汽数学模型；在对数学模型进行空间离散时，利用控制有限体积积分法，对以往的九点差分近似作了合理的改进，使其具有较高的差分近似精度：结果表明，该公式的近似精度要比以往文献中所给的九点差分近似精度高，可以认为，在油藏数值模拟中，如果遇到非均质情况，使用这种九点差分近似更合理。

To improve temperature uniformity,trolley electric furnace heated by three districts, in accordance with temperature arrangement method arrange heating elements, compensation for loss of furnace heat mouth, I District II District III district heating elements layout of the different, but the car high-precision temperature furnace heating and insulation in the process of maintaining three districts temperature consistent.

可为用户定做各种规格尺寸高精度高温台车电炉。为提高炉温均匀性，台车电炉采用三区加热，并按均温布丝法布置加热元件，为补偿炉口热损失，I区II区III区加热元件布置范围各不相同，但使高精度高温台车电炉在升温及保温过程中保持三区均温一致。

The compound is an ionic compound consisting of a cation NH(subscript 4 superscript +) and an anion C6H2N3O(subscript 9 superscript -), and it is the mono-substituted salt of TNPG. Since the existence of complicated hydrogen bond networks and electrostatic attraction between NH(subscript 4 superscript +) cation and C6H2N3O(subscript 9 superscript -) canion, the compound possesses better stability and low sensitivity.

该化合物是由一个铵根离子与一个一价的三硝基均苯三酚负离子相结合而形成的离子型化合物，分子中存在的大量氢键及铵根离子与三硝基均苯三酚负离子之间的静电引力使得该化合物具有较高的热稳定性和较低的感度。

The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when 210 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air.

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值2~(10)倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q—YAG激光器(波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns)，靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随着波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

With the filling nitrogen of 0.9 MPa, the maximal pressure ratio reaches 1.21 and the operation frequency is 25 Hz. The ratio of the harmonic wave of the engine was very little and the frequency jumping was not found in present experiments.

在充气压力为0.9MPa的条件下，该热声发动机最大压比可达1.21，远高于驻波型热声发动机，实验结果和理论分析均表明系统的工作频率为25Hz左右，实验装置的谐波比例非常小，且也没发现频率跳变等现象。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。