均匀分布

Through similar simulation test of block top-coal drawing, the influence of coal block size and block position in top coal on the recovery ratio and drawing manner is studied. It is found that the drawing manner has the different adaptation to the top coal which has different block distribution. The caving capacity is mainly decided by the block size. The top-coal which has layer difference of block with the same size has different recovery ratio. It is shown, that, to the given top-coal blocks, the recovery ratio of uniformly mixed blocks is maximal in the manner of drawing at interval of one support.

研究表明，顶煤块体大小是影响顶煤回收效果的主要因素，在顶煤块径一定的条件下，块体层位分布不同是造成顶煤回收率差异的主要原因，研究表明各级块度均匀混合时顶煤回收效果最好，块度从下向上增大分布次之，大块为中位顶煤时回收效果最差；各种放煤方式的适应性不同，各级块度均匀混合的顶煤适合用间隔放煤；块度从下向上增大适合用顺序放煤；大块在顶煤中位分布时，中硬煤以下适合用间隔放煤，硬煤应采用顺序放煤方式。

College of Guandong Business, Guanzhou 510320, China）Abstract: Since large-scale vertical quench furnace is voluminous, whose working condition is a typically complex process with distributed parameter, nonlinear, multi-inputs/multi-outputs, close coupled variables, etc, dynamically decoupling control algorithm of temperature distributed parameter system in the furnace was presented, by which the whole system was decoupled to several subsystems and the implementation of controller was simplified. With finite difference approximation, the space and time step size was solved to ensure the convergency of finite difference approximation. After decoupling, the subsystems were controlled with self-learning PID control algorithm. The results show that the temperature control precision and homogeneity are improved; the overshoot and process in temperature rising period are reduced simultaneity.

摘 要：针对大型立式淬火炉体积庞大，工况复杂，炉内温度分布呈本征非均匀性，具有多输入/多输出、非线性、强耦合等特性，难以实现炉内温度高精度高均匀性控制目标等问题，提出一种温度分布参数系统动态解耦控制算法，其原理是：采用有限维逼近方法将对象解耦为多个独立的子系统，简化控制器的实现过程；通过分析有限维逼近方法的收敛性，获得保证收敛性的空间和时间步长应满足的条件；解耦后的子系统采用自学习PID控制算法，实现炉内温度高精度和高均匀性控制以及升温过程的快速性和小超调。

Theobserved strain is 10~2 times as local point strain at the same observed stress.This indicates that macroscopical symmetrical rock is quasi-brittle materialwith microcosmic heterogeneousness and its macroscopical mechanicalbehavior is the results of reciprocity and magnification between microcosmiccharacteristic, not simple sum.(4) The degree of irregularity of strain increases with the number of cycle.But degree of irregularity of transverse strain fluctuates larger at the samecycle. Moreover degree of irregularity of transverse strain is larger than that ofaxial strain. This shows that deformation and failure of rock is process ofevolvement of small crack. Small crack evolves from even and out-of-orderstatus to heterogeneous and ordinal status.(5) Ultrasonic speed decreases with the number of cycle. The decreasecourse is such: Firstly, ultrasonic speed fluctuates in a steady scope in somecycles; And then ultrasonic speed quickly decreases to a certain more smallvalue; Afterwards in succedent cycles, ultrasonic speed fluctuates about thevalue. That is to say, ultrasonic speed fluctuates and decreases at intervals ofcycles. In deformation process of rock, quantitative change and qualitativechange of its small crack evolvement carry through crosswise.(6) Strength and modulus of rock decrease with exponential function asscale of specimens increases.

同一表观应力下，局部点应变与表观应变相差可达2个数量级，表明宏观上均匀的岩石是具有细观特征的准脆性材料，其宏观力学行为是细观特征相互作用、放大的综合结果，而不是简单的叠加；(4)岩样轴向应变不均匀程度和横向应变不均匀程度随循环次数的增加渐进增大，但是在同一个循环内，横向应变离散系数随应力的变化波动较大，且同一循环级别下，横向应变不均匀程度大于轴向应变不均匀程度，表明岩石内部微裂纹的演化是岩石变形破坏的本质特征，这一演化表现为微裂纹从均匀无序分布逐渐向非均匀有序发展；(5)随循环次数的增加，所有岩样内部超声波速会出现衰减，衰减过程表现为在某几次循环内超声波速在某一相对范围内波动，然后急剧减小到某一较小值，在随后的循环内，超声波速又会保持在这一较小值附近波动，即超声波速表现为波动和急剧减小间隔形式衰减，表明从宏观看来平稳的岩石变形过程，内部结构演化过程(微裂纹发展及其相互作用)却表现为均匀量变和突发质变不断交叉进行的现象；(6)岩石强度和弹性模量随尺度增大呈指数函数规律减小。

The deformation mechanism is mainly the single-slip and cross-ship, the fracture mechanism is mainly the congregation of transgranular micro-hole, and large uniform deformation occurred before tough fracture, and therefore, the ability of plastic deformation and the mechanical properties of the material were remarkably improved. These fully indicate that the new melt-treatment developed in this work is an effective and advanced technique, and further testify that the improvement of metallurgical quality of the material is the key to enhance its mechanical properties, especially its plastic deformation performance. The results of tensile and compression tests at elevated temperature also indicate that the suitable hot-working temperature range is 400～450℃. 4. A steady-state plastic flow exists during the plastic deformation of the aluminum sheet used for pressure can at elevated temperature. A hyperbolic sine relationship can be satisfied between the steady-state flow stress and strain rate by introducing an Arrhenius term which involves some thermal activation parameters, i.

压力罐用铝材中的主要冶金缺陷为Al〓O〓夹杂物、气孔及富Fe杂质相；高效熔体处理显著改善了材料的冶金缺陷的存在形态，使含杂量明显减少、夹杂物尺寸变细小且分布均匀，富Fe杂质相变为细小、分布均匀的团球状或短棒状的复杂化合物，同时也明显细化了结晶组织；此外，由于高效熔体处理有效地减少了材料中裂纹萌生源数量，因而改变了材料的塑性变形微观过程及断裂方式，主要以单滑移和交滑移进行塑性变形，断裂方式为穿晶微孔聚集型，韧性断裂前产生了大量的均匀变形，不易出现变形失稳，从而显著提高了罐用铝材的塑变能力和力学性能。

Our main work is as follows: the stable laser mode theory in uniform plasmas is extended to non-uniform plasma cases; the discussion of the sufficient and necessary conditions for laser self-focusing in uniform plasmas is developed to non-uniform plasma cases; a quantitative approach to judge the impact of different plasma density distribution on laser self-focusing is proposed; the evolution properties of asymmetric laser filed in non-uniform and uniform plasmas are discussed and mechanisms that symmetric channel-like plasmas can confine the laser centroid around the plasma channel axes and symmetrize initially asymmetric laser beams are proposed; the formation of solitary standing wave in moderate plasma density is studied by PIC simulations and can be explained by stimulated Raman scattering of laser beams in plasmas.

主要工作为：把均匀等离子体中激光的稳定模理论推广到横向非均匀等离子体情形；把均匀等离子体中激光自聚焦的充分和必要条件的讨论推广到横向非均匀等离子体情形；给出横向密度分布不同的等离子体影响激光自聚焦的定量判据。讨论了初始不对称的激光场在横向非均匀及均匀等离子体中的演化特性，并提出了具有对称腔道结构的等离子体箍缩激光质心和对称化初始不对称激光场的物理机制。用粒子模拟讨论了激光场在等离子体中形成孤立驻波的过程，认为前向受激拉曼散射是发生此现象的可能机制。

Thepercentages that solar energy captured by greenhouse macro-environment horizontal surfaceand backwall would decrease a little,and the solar energy on the south vertical surface ofthe canopy would be 10%～20% of that transmitted into the greenhouse.

白天中大部分时间内主体水平面上80%的区域中太阳辐照度分布比较均匀，后墙的散射反射有利于改善主体水平面上的太阳辐射分布状态。当室内存在充分发展的冠层时，主体水平面上的太阳辐射分布趋于均匀。

The composition of TB6 alloy ingots after heat treatment then water colling and air colling was analyzed. The results show that the segregation in the grain boundary is more serious than the segregation in the grain both in air cooled ingot and quenching ingot, the composition in grain boundary are not uniform; the segregation of Fe is more serious than the segregation of Al and V; the composition in air cooled ingot and quenching ingot are more uniform than the composition in cast; the segregation in quenching ingot is lowest, quenching can reduce the segregation.

中文摘要：对热处理之后进行水冷与空冷的TB6合金铸锭进行了成分分析，对两种热处理所得结果进行分析，发现无论铸态还是空冷与水冷之后的试样，晶界偏析总比晶内严重，而且晶界处的成分分布很不均匀；Fe元素的偏析要比Al元素与V元素的偏析严重；空冷与水冷后的试样，各个元素分布较原始态的更加均匀，各测试点之间的差距减小；水冷之后的试样成分分布更理想，比空冷的效果好，水冷可以显著改善TB6合金铸锭偏析现象。

The effects of strain rate on plastic formation and dynamic recrystallization of 7050 aluminum alloy were discussed. The results show that the deformation of the specimen is inhomogeneous, and the effective strain in the center of the specimen is maximum. The deformation inhomogeneity increases with the increase of strain rate. The effective stress of specimen is inhomogeneous. As the strain rate increases, the minimum stress value moves from the drum-shaped region to the heart of specimen. The standard deviation of dynamic recrystallization grain size decreases with the increase of strain rate.

模拟结果表明，热变形过程中，试样的各个部位的变形分布不均匀，心部的等效应变最大，变形的不均匀性随应变速率的增大而增大，但是变化的程度不大；试样内部各部位的应力大小分布不均匀，随应变速率的增大，最小应力值由自由变形的鼓形区域逐步向心部移动；动态再结晶晶粒尺寸标准偏差随应变速率的增加而减小。

Research results show that under AC voltage the voltage distribution of Y-type insulator strings is extremely non-uniform and the voltage distribution curve of Y-type insulator string is si...

研究结果表明：在交流电压下，Y型绝缘子串的电压分布极不均匀，其电压分布曲线和交流悬垂I串类似；在直流电压下，Y型绝缘子串的电压分布极不均匀，绝缘子串导线侧绝缘子分担电压高于其它绝缘子，总体上呈现导线侧和杆塔侧两端高、中间低的分布趋势。

Uniformity and deep percolation loss rate of solute distributions were less than that of the water distributions respectively. Redistributions of water and solute after infiltration provided more direct and comprehensive assessment for irrigation efficiency.

溶质分布的均匀程度和深层渗漏损失率均小于水量分布的均匀程度和损失率，根据入渗后水分和溶质的再分布情况对灌水效率进行评价更为直接和全面。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。