地面

Since the attenuation of the free-space channel between ground and satellite is contributed by the aerosphere, its equivalent length is about 5 km and the total attenuation of round-trip is equivalent to 10 km free-space channel in the earth surface aerosphere.

由于地面-卫星之间的自由空间信道的衰减主要集中在地面大气层，其等效厚度约为5km，往返两次的信道衰减等效于地面大气层的10km。

The rigid and elastic wheels of tire-soil contact models are proposed based on the Bekker pressure model and the Jonasi shear soil model, and they are described in the form of S-function to enhance the calculation efficiency and simulation accuracy.

根据多体动力学在Adams环境中建立了某款工程车辆的模型，以汽车地面力学中Bekker承压模型和Jo-nasi剪切模型为基础建立了刚性轮和弹性轮模型以模拟轮胎地面接触，并将轮胎地面接触模型用S函数描述，以提高仿真运行速度和计算精度。

The daunting efficiency of ground defenses cut both ways; Israeli gunners shot down an estimated 101 Arab aircraft that were attacking troop positions--23 falling to SAMs and 42 to 20-mm ground fire.19

令人害怕的地面防空对交战双方都起了作用：据估计，以色列的射手击落了101架攻击地面阵地的阿拉伯飞机——地对空导弹击落了其中的23架，20毫米地面防空炮火击落了其中的42架。

To the wall with construction materials, articles posted above, on handrails and electrical shutter doors, Yao Wang Taiwan, by product description 9 with wooden dam, looked like the look of cement, from the ground to the top of the dam is within the white walls, projectors, DVD, audio equipment 10 fence, the laying of real grass, small stone embellishment, flower basket fence, equipped with VAG stress management system entities pipeline 11 Steel Bridge, the need to open the door into the car, you can remove the bridge, waterfall in the lateral bridge, and a straight line, the ground when the tunnel plate, the plate Below are the sink, sink, a ring-shaped water system 12 the ship has three sails, fixed line connections, at the top of a volume system, laying the ground mosaic, surrounded by lamps.

用建筑材料做墙，上面贴写真，有扶手下去，又电动卷帘门，有遥望台，有产品图文说明 9）大坝用木制，看上去像水泥的样子，从地面到顶部，大坝内是白色墙面，有投影仪，DVD，音响设备 10）围栏内铺设真草皮，小石头点缀，栅栏花篮，安装有VAG压力管理系统的实体管线 11）钢结构桥，需要开门进车时，可以把桥整体移走，瀑布在桥的外侧，直线而下，地面时洞洞钢板，钢板下面是水槽，水槽内有水形环系统 12）船上有三个帆，同轴连接固定，顶部有卷收系统，地面铺设马赛克，周围有地灯。

The effect of surface friction on the structure of front and frontogenesis is investigated by using the cloud model in which the large-scale deformation field is taken into consideration.

利用加入大尺度变形场作用的非静力模式，研究了地面摩擦对锋生和锋面结构的影响，在变形场锋生条件下，对不同模式格距、不同湍流参数化方案、不同变形场强度、考虑与不考虑地面摩擦等情形进行了比较，在考虑地面摩擦拖曳作用后得到了类似重力流结构的边界层锋面特征。

Numerical tests are also conducted to investigate the microphysical effects to the mesocale convective systems. The evaporation of raindrops can strengthen the surface "cold pool" to decease the temperature of rainfall center. The condensation of vapor can lower the air pressure and increase the convergence and updraft so that the convective echo develops stronger. The melting of graupel can cool the air to restrain the convective activity. The falling of precipitation particles can increase the downdraft and induce the outflow nearly the surface. The effect of condensation is the most important among all the microphysical processes. It can change the whole structure of cloud system.

微物理过程对对流系统发展和维持有重要作用：强降水的雨滴蒸发过程会加强"冷池"效应，同时增强了雨带南侧原有的地面中尺度辐合线；凝结潜热在低层诱发了与回波相应尺度的中尺度低压，增强了辐合和上升运动，促进对流发展；霰的融化吸热通过冷却大气会不利于气压下降、气流辐合抬升等过程，降低对流不稳定能量，减缓对流发展；重力拖曳使气块冷却降温，降低对流不稳定能量，并且使低层的气压升高、气流辐散，在近地面附近产生出流，加强地面中尺度辐合线的强度。

The program based on the MATLAB is developed for modeling the shadow of the heliostat field and the sunlit time distribution on the ground.

使用MATLAB编程模拟了镜场对地面的阴影以及地面日照时间分布情况，并能够绘制任意时刻地面阴影图和任意时期内地面日照时间分布图。

By mechanics analysis of ground deformation, this paper makes a systematic research on the affecting factors of ground deformation of shield tunnel and excavation and establishes a predicted model of ground deformation based on neural network. This model is applied to predict actual ground deformation caused by shield tunnel and excavation in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing etc.

本文以盾构法隧道和基坑为研究对象，通过对地面变形机理的分析，全面系统地从理论上探讨了盾构隧道和基坑引起地面变形的影响因素，建立了基于神经网络的地面变形预测模型，并运用该模型对上海、广州、南京等城市的盾构隧道和基坑工程所引起的地面变形进行了实际预测，获得了令人满意的预测结果。

The Ground Controller watches the runways and the taxiways uses ground radar information to ensure that the taxiing aircraft does not cross the active runways or interfere with ground vehicles.

地面管制员通过地面雷达监控跑道和滑行道，以保证地面滑行的飞机不穿越运行中的跑道，不与地面车辆冲突。

In this paper, on the basis of many studies reported in the literature, the effects on bridge pile sare reviewed of the liquefaction induced lateral spread and large ground displacements.

根据国内外文献资料，主要就地震高烈度区液化引起的地面侧向大变形对桥梁桩基的影响的研究现状进行分析，总结了地面大变形引起的震害情况、液化诱发地面大变形的机理及液化大变形的预测方法、桥梁桩基的震害和液化大变形对桥梁桩基的影响、桥梁桩基抗地面大变形的措施，以及存在问题和研究思路。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。