地震现象

This paper which aims at the continual occurrence of the earthquake and existence of the universal gravitation and the tide phenomenon has established the special theory-- cosmography, which considers that earthquake research should study both geography and astronomy, exceeding the traditional idea bravely.

摘 要：本文针对地震的频繁发生，结合天地间存在的万有引力与潮汐现象，大胆突破传统观念，提出了独特的研究地震需结合天文地理的"天地学"。

This paper which aims at the continual occurrence of the earthquake and existence of the universal gravitation and the tide phenomenons has established the special theory-- cosmography, which considers that earthquake research should study both geography and astronomy, exceeding the traditional idea bravely.

摘 要：本文针对地震的频繁发生，结合天地间存在的万有引力与潮汐现象，大胆突破传统观念，提出了独特的研究地震需结合天文地理的"天地学"。

There exists extraordinarily affluent literature of historical earthquake.Currently,we inadequately utilize macro phenomena of earthquake and isoseismal,therefore,further explore the source of historical earthquake,and emphasize the uncertainty of epicenter and magnitude of historical earthquake.Since 1970,along with the advancement of observational technique, we greatly improve seismic observational accuracy,and moderate and small seismic data recorded by instrument is more and more sufficient.

历史地震的文献资料异常丰富，但是对地震宏观现象及等震线的利用显得不足，历史地震资源还待进一步开发；而且历史地震震中位置和震级的不确定性问题需要注意。1970年以来，由于观测技术的提高，地震观测精度得到很大程度地改善，仪器记录的中小地震资料也越来越丰富。

From the distribution of microseism, we have not found faults with the activities related to the earthquake clustering phenomenon. In about 3 years during the investigation, the earthquake we measured did not affect the groundwater movements.

从微地震部分亦未发现与断层活动相关之地震丛集现象，而在调查期间所量测到之地震并未影响场区地下水位之升降。

The main research work and its results are: 1Empirical results are analysed for the relations of fault displacement and earthquake magnitude, and difference between permanent ground deformation and maxium dynamic relative displacement on the two sides of fault; 2An analytic method is proposed for resopnse of a buried pipeline due to earthquake fault movement; 3A new shell model with an equivalent boundary and relted finite element analysis method are proposed for estimating response of a buried pipeline under large fault movement; 4By the proposed method, damage performance of water supply steel pipelines with large diameter is simulated to the real cases in Kocaeli Earthquake and Ji-Ji Earthquake, and simulating results show the real failure mode of pipes is revealed; 5Effects of overlying soil and soft/hard interlayers are analyzed on ground rupture mode and degree due to earthquake fault, and some earthquake rupture phenomena in soil layers are theoretically described for the first time; 6Pipeline response characters are discussed for the case of considering effects of soil layers on ground rupture mode; 7Research results and proposed method are applied in seismic analysis of pipline acrossing fault in the Gas Tansportation Project from West to East in China.

主要工作和成果包括：1）分析了不同断层位错形式下地表破裂位错量与震级之间的经验关系，并基于集集地震近断层记录分析了断层两侧永久地面变形和地震动相对位移幅值之间的差别，为合理地考虑地震断层位错地面变形动态影响提供了依据；2）发展了断层位错地面大变形下管线反应分析模型并给出物理概念明确、简单实用的解析分析方法；3）建立了断层位错下埋地管线反应分析的等效边界壳模型有限元方法，方法中引入了以非线性弹簧形式模拟离断层较远处管段影响的等效边界，简化了计算模型并突出了近断层处管体反应；4）利用等效边界壳模型方法，对土耳其地震和集集地震中大口径埋地管线震害进行了模拟，结果表明所提方法可以更清地解释震害所表现的管体破坏特征；5）研究了覆盖土层和软硬夹层的存在对断层位错地面破裂形式和程度的影响，首次从理论上解释了某些地震地表破裂现象；6）探讨了考虑土层对断层位错地面变形影响的管体反应特征；7）本项目成果已在西气东输工程的管道跨断层抗震问题分析中得到了应用。

He developed an armillary sphere, on which were carved all the astronomical phenomena known at that time.

张衡认为地震是一种自然灾害，他根据自己对于地震现象的观测，在公元132年发明了&候风地动仪&，这台仪器成为世界上第一台观测地震方向的仪器。

He developed an armillary sphere, on which were carved all the astronomical phenomena known at that time.

张衡认为地震是一种自然灾害，他根据自己对于地震现象的观测，在西元132年发明了『候风地动仪』，这台仪器成为世界上第一台观测地震方向的仪器。

In other parts of China where major earthquakes have been preceded by foreshocks, unusual behavior in rats, fish, and snakes were observed as early as three days prior to the earthquake, but continuing to several hours, or even a few minutes before.

在中国其他地区，大地震之前通常伴有前震，那儿的老鼠、鱼、蛇等动物的异常行为则早在地震发生三天前就有所表现，这种现象会一直持续到地震前几个小时甚至几分钟。

The analyzing aboved is made from earthquake's space distributing, periodicity, migration phenomenon, repetition, strength, frequency, b value etc., according to data of earthquake station net in Shaanxi Province and microseisms station net watching results in Xi'an area. 3 group faults which are NEE, NW and EW direction control earthquake activities in Guanzhong area. Epicenter depth mostly is 5-25km and in shallow-focus earthquake. Earthquake in east area of Guanzhong was stronger and weaker in the West in history. Fen-Wei earthquake belt showed more activity. Microseisms and small seisms is main movement in recent earthquake, it has 8-10years' period of movement and show the trend that they are strong in the West but weaker in the East. And frequency and biggest magnitude of earthquake is supplement each other. In next years earthquake frequency will lessen but strength enhance, about M4. It presumes there is earthquake climax period in Guanzhong area in 2040 and M5-6 earthquake is happened at that time.

本文在对关中地区区域构造及重磁异常特征的分析基础上，根据陕西省地震台网监测资料及西安地区微地震台网监测成果，从地震的空间分布特征、周期性、迁移现象、重复性、强度、频度、b值分析等方面，对区域地震活动特征、关中地区地震活动规律进行了分析研究，关中地区地震活动主要受北东—北东东向、北西向、东西向三组方向的断裂控制，震源深度多为5—25公里，均属浅源地震，历史地震表现为东强西弱，东部的汾渭地震带表现出较强的地震活动性，近代地震活动主要以微震或小震为主，存在着8—10年的活动周期，近期表现出西强东弱的趋势，地震的频度与地震最大震级呈互补关系，未来的几年间，地震频度会有所减少，强度会增大，将有可能发生4级左右的地震，推测在2040年左右，关中地区将进入地震高潮期，届时将可能有5—6级左右的地震发生。

The existence of so many anomaly stages is probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared researches on earthquakes;③ Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days;④ An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmenshan seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake researches.

这在众多的卫星热红外地震研究案例中，可能是迄今为止异常阶段最多的一次；③、单个阶段的持续时间长：最长达13天；④、如此沿龙门山地震断裂带分布的明显的地热增温异常现象，可能在卫星热红外地震研究案例中是首次发现。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。