地质的

This paper, based on a detailed survey of geological heritages in Xinglong county and a classification, studies the features and genesis of geological heritages such as Wulingshan magma, karst, benthal black chimney.

对河北省兴隆县的地质遗迹进行了详细调查，在地质遗迹分类的基础上，对雾灵山岩体等岩石遗迹、岩溶洞穴等地质地貌遗迹、海底黑烟囱等地质构造遗迹的特征及成因进行了分析。

The ore deposit remote sensing geology is an interdisciplinary study of gitology and remote sensing geology,which syncretizes the methods of deposit geology and remote sensing geology to identify the inherent relationship between deposit characters and remote sensing information,distinguish the linear and ring structures and their grade system from numerous and complicated lineaments and rings,extract exploration information of tectonic,intrusive body,tectonic denude station and week geology information,such as alteration, special rock and so on.

矿床遥感地质学将矿床学与遥感地质学、矿床地质方法与遥感地质方法相融汇，从成矿地质环境、矿床展布规律及矿床特征出发，识别矿床特征与遥感信息之间的内在联系，厘定纷繁复杂的线性构造、环形构造以及它们之间的组合关系和等级体制，提取构造、侵入体、构造剥蚀程度以及遥感数据中地质弱信息(蚀变信息、特殊岩性信息等)等找矿信息，为快速圈定勘探靶区提供依据。

The distributary river course reservoir in the Lower Member of Minghuazhen Formation in an oilfield of Bohai Basin was modeled. The modeling units were divided using the integrated geological modeling method based on seismic, log and geological data. The sedimentary microfacies features of the modeling units were described. The geological knowledge base, including quantitative description of microfacies in every unit, probability function of facies, connection probability of sand body, was established. The geological model of reservoir was proposed on the basis of stochastic reservoir modeling by using an objectbased simulation method.

以渤海某油田新近系明化镇组下段缓坡三角洲平原亚相分流河道储层为例，利用以精细地质建模为目的的地震、测井和地质一体化综合研究方法，合理划分模拟单元并定量描述各单元内沉积微相特征；结合相概率函数和砂体连通概率等定量约束条件，建立了半定量—定量储层地质知识库，实现了等时建模、成因控制相建模、确定性条件约束随机建模三者的有效结合；采用基于目标的随机模拟方法建立了储层地质模型。

In this thesis, the methods of surrounding rock masses stability classification on the basis of the geological documentation of muck and the boring parameters of TBM are approached, especially as follows:①The geological documentation of muck and the boring parameters of TBM in the Yellow River Diversion Project.of shanxi province is summarized systematically;②Based on the geological documentation of muck and the boring parameters of TBM, that whether the common methods of surrounding rock masses stability (the methods of regular factor classification) classification are feasible, is carried on the discussion;③According to the corresponding relation of muck and the boring parameters of TBM and the surrounding rock masses stability type, the extension assessment method of tunnel surrounding rock masses stability classification is set up, also the corresponding fortran calculation procedure worked out, and not only rational result in conformity with the reality can be obtained, but also the stability situation of surrounding rock masses in front of the working range can be predicted according to the change of the dependent value in the application instance of Yellow River Diversion Project;④Combining with the application instance of Yellow River Diversion Project, extension assessment method in the application of surrounding rock masses stability classification is compared and verificated in detail by applying fuzzy synthesis method by forefathers, and a certain degree discussion and summary about the application achievement of surrounding rock masses stability classification, which is assessed by extension assessment method and fuzzy synthesis method, are carried on.

本文基于渣料和TBM掘进参数的地质编录提供的地质信息进行了围岩稳定分类方法的探讨，重点进行：①对引黄工程中渣料和TBM掘进参数的地质编录的系统整理；②基于渣料和TBM掘进参数的地质编录获得的地质信息，对常用围岩稳定分类方法是否能够进行围岩稳定分类进行了探讨；③根据渣料和TBM掘进参数与围岩稳定类型的对应关系，应用可拓理论，建立了隧洞围岩稳定分类的可拓评价方法，还编制了相应的fortran计算程序，并在引黄工程的应用实例中不仅取得了与客观实际相符的合理结果，而且根据其关联度值的变化能够预测临近掌子面前方围岩的稳定情况；④结合引黄工程的应用实例运用模糊综合评判方法对可拓评判方法在围岩稳定分类中的应用进行了详细的验证、比较，并对前人在运用可拓学和模糊数学进行岩体稳定评判的应用成果方面，进行了一定的探讨、总结。

The universal research in microscopic tribological mechanism of contact, adhesion, friction, molecular-level solid-liquid interaction, tribochemistry, triboelectricity etc, in the interaction among goetmaterials or between goematerials and artificial materials during geomotion, were reviewed and analyzed.

2综述和分析了地质运动过程中普遍存在的微观摩擦机制如接触、粘着、分子级流体-固体相互作用、摩擦化学、摩擦电性等的研究概况，认为地质摩擦学的研究应具有宏观和微观两个层次，对地质运动的微观机制的研究将促进对地质材料的地球物理、化学和力学性质的研究，并有助于对各种尺度上的地质运动过程的理解

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的"瓶子模型"，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了"缝洞单元"的概念，并制定了"缝洞单元"纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对"缝洞单元"进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

In order to explore the grain-size distribution characteristics and geo-genetic types of land desertification in Mo Us desert, the research on the grain-size characteristics of sediments since late Pleistocene has been carried out in the desert area and neighboring area such as inside desert, sand covered loess plateau, loess plateau and river valley. The research result shows that sediments of different geologic genetic types are the fundamental material source of sandy desertification in these areas and the distinguishing of different types of the sediments is the theoretical basis of classification of different geogenetic type of sandy desertification. The contribution of different geological roles on the land desertification and its significance to prevent and deal with the land desertification have also discussed.

为了研究毛乌素沙地沉积物的粒度特征与土地沙漠化的地质成因类型，通过系统研究沙地及相邻地区晚更新世以来在沙地内部、覆沙黄土区、黄土高原和河流谷地与湖泊等不同地质构造地貌条件下所形成的沉积物粒度特征，指出不同地质成因类型的沉积物是这些地区土地沙漠化的物质基础，区分不同类型的沉积物也是构成不同地质成因类型土地沙漠化分类的理论基础，探讨了不同地质作用对土地沙漠化的贡献及其对土地沙漠化防治方面的意义。

Second, it describes his contribution on geology: training large understanding talents;hardworking and setting himself an example to others when he was working in geological research institute and geological investigation institute, which setting up a exemplary person for Chinese geological scholar;his sincerely love to talents, his assigning magnanimously the Chinese, the foreigner, the old man and the younger to the post, making the geological investigable institute which he is in charge of becoming a famous science center in the world with in a short time;one of creators and founders in the Chinese modern geology and paleontology.

第二，论述了有关他在地质学方面的贡献：他为中国的地质事业培养了一大批优秀人才，在地质研究所和地质调查所工作时，不辞劳苦，以身作则，为中国地质学者树立了实地调查采集的工作模范；他真诚的爱护人才，热诚而大度的运用中、外、老、少各利人才，使他所负责的地质调查所在很短的时间之内成为一个世界知名的科学中心；他还是中国近代地质学和古生物学的开创人和奠基人之一。

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的&瓶子模型&，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了&缝洞单元&的概念，并制定了&缝洞单元&纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对&缝洞单元&进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

Since Later Archaeozoic era (270 hundred million years old), a great number of geologic relics with unique features come into being in the long period of geologic history.

这些地质遗迹集典型性、稀有性、观赏性于一体，对研究东南沿海各地质时期的地质作用、开展地质旅游、普及地球科学知识都具有重要的作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。