地质学

In the explore in water seepage mechanism of highway engineering, at the foundation of author's and other people's research, the author study the groundwater seepage and infiltration of rain and water with the groundwater dynamics, the rock mechanics ,the soil mechanics, the hydrologic geology, the engineering geology, the agrology. With the research result of the water seepage mechanism of highway, the author also study the principle design of waterproof, drainage and water environmental protection. The author's work is as follows:(1) The water circulation, the groundwater type and conversion, the equilibrium and circulation in soil water are introduced and studied; The seepage characteristics of rock and soil in response to stress are analyzed and studied.

作为在"公路工程地质环境中水渗流机制问题研究"中的探索研究，在本人科研和前人研究工作的基础上，以地下水动力学、岩土力学、水文地质学、工程地质学、土壤学为基础，研究公路工程建设对地下水渗流和雨水入渗的影响，以及公路防排水和水环境保护设计的原则方法，具体开展了如下研究工作：(1)首先对水循环、地下水类型及转化、土壤水平衡与循环进行了研究和介绍；分析研究了应力对岩土体渗流特性产生影响的机理。

The ore deposit remote sensing geology is an interdisciplinary study of gitology and remote sensing geology,which syncretizes the methods of deposit geology and remote sensing geology to identify the inherent relationship between deposit characters and remote sensing information,distinguish the linear and ring structures and their grade system from numerous and complicated lineaments and rings,extract exploration information of tectonic,intrusive body,tectonic denude station and week geology information,such as alteration, special rock and so on.

矿床遥感地质学将矿床学与遥感地质学、矿床地质方法与遥感地质方法相融汇，从成矿地质环境、矿床展布规律及矿床特征出发，识别矿床特征与遥感信息之间的内在联系，厘定纷繁复杂的线性构造、环形构造以及它们之间的组合关系和等级体制，提取构造、侵入体、构造剥蚀程度以及遥感数据中地质弱信息(蚀变信息、特殊岩性信息等)等找矿信息，为快速圈定勘探靶区提供依据。

To the question of unclear base structure framework, the disputed geological horizon and the region deposition system, and under cognition of the distribution of flysch, hydrocarbon reservoir-forming mode of the central uplift belt and south ramp region in the sag, this thesis expatiates the Peleogene structure and the deposition evolution characteristics of the Hhuiming sag, based on the theory of structural geology, sedimentology, petroleum geology, synthetically using the data of geology, geophysics and test analysis, and analyses hydrocarbon reservoir formation mode and its control factor, connect with the petroleum geology achievement. It gives a scientific reference to enhance the exploration effective in the research area.

针对研究区基地构造格局认识不清，地质层位、区域沉积体系认识存在争议，洼陷浊积岩分布情况、中央隆起带及南部斜坡带成藏机理有待深化认识等问题，论文以构造地质学、沉积学、石油地质学等理论为指导，综合利用地质、地球物理和测试分析等资料，开展惠民凹陷古近纪构造与沉积演化特征研究，结合石油地质成果分析油气成藏模式及控制因素，为有效提高研究区勘探成效提供科学依据。

The major methodology is the structural analysis of crusted and lithosphere structures. The subject emphasize on the study of the basic characteristics, observation methods of small to middle scale structures. The course introduces the origin of fault, fold, joint, foliation and lineation, and the research method and thinking of modern structural geology.

构造地质学以构造分析作为研究地壳或岩石圈构造的方法论，主要研究中、小型尺度的基本构造特征、分类和观测方法，介绍断层、褶皱、节理、叶理和线理构造成因机制的基本理论及现代构造地质学的研究方法和思路。

The Geological Society of America dedicates to the advancement of the geosciences, including mineralogy, astrobiology, physiology, geobiology interface, biochemical cycling, geochemistry, planetary geology, engineering geology, coal geology, and archaeological geology so on.

美国地质协会致力于促进地球科学的发展，包括矿物学，太空生物学，物理学，地理物理学界面，生物化学循环，地球化学，行星地质学，工程地质学，煤的地质学，和考古地质学等。

While in geognosy practicality work, human beings discovered and accumulated a lot of extraordinary monstrous sediment note and phenomena, and it's hard to explain those phenomena by the foregone geognosy knowledge.

可是在地质学的实际工作中，发现并积累了许多非常怪异的沉积记录和现象，用已知的地质学知识无法合理地解释那些现象。

By that decade,"geology" and "geognosy" were coming into use, along with such older terms as "mineralogy" and "physical geography," the latter now being redefined as fields subordinate to geology.

到18世纪90年代，"地质学"和"地质构造学"开始使用，与更早的术语如"矿物学"、"自然地理"等一起使用，后者现在重新定义成了地质学的分支领域。

Contemporary hydrogeology is in its new stage of eco-environmental hydrogeology.

当代水文地质学进入了生态环境水文地质学阶段。

Eco-hydrogeology is a new discipline formed by interpenetration and integration of ecology and hydrogeology and a theoretical foundation for the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources.

生态水文地质学是生态学与水文地质学交叉渗透后形成的学科，是地下水资源可持续利用的理论基础。

Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor.

达尔文借用查尔斯·莱尔在《地质学原理》中的论点，认为化石档案是非常不完善的；化石作用发生非常罕见，散布在非常长的一段时间；因经过地质学考察的地区很少，只能有零碎的地质构造知识和贫乏的化石收藏。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。