地理的

With respect to syntax, the roles of tagmeme in the structure of word and sentence and Chomsky's Generative-Transformational Grammar are discussed. The spatial relation theory and existing research achievements are investigated. Having noticed the shortage of the capability of topological and metrical relation in the description of spatial information structure, the author proposes Combinational Qualitative Geometry based on the two invariables under ordinary transformations, distance ratio and direction difference, the CQG-based spatial relation system between topological and metrical constraint is thus constructed, on which several spatial relations such as parallel, perpendicularity, co-linearity, sequence and direct neighborhood are derived. Based on extended theory of spatial relation, the language anamorphosis is analyzed from the aspects of phonetics, semantics and syntax. The mere geometric and formalized spatial relation is then integrated with concrete geographic ontology to accommodate richer and indicative spatial configuration of spatial information in the different geographic context. Finally a syntax framework for spatial information is put forward.

在语法结构方面，首先阐述了法位和法素在语法结构词法和句法中的地位和作用，以及Chomsky生成转换语法的核心内容；详细介绍了地理信息系统空间关系理论及现有的研究成果；在分析现有的拓扑关系和量度关系对空间信息结构描述能力不足的基础上，提出了基于长度比和角度差两个不变量的组合定性几何，以此建立了介于拓扑及量度约束之间的组合定性关系体系，并以此为基础派生出平行、垂直、共线、次序、直接邻近等空间关系描述；本文基于扩展的空间关系理论，详细讨论了空间关系在语音、语法和语义三个方面的语言变体，将纯几何和纯形式化的空间关系与具体的地理本体结合起来，可以获得更为丰富的、更能反映空间关系在不同语言上下文中具体体现的组合关系；最后给出了一个空间信息的语法结构的基本框架。

All characters that have been used to delimit more narrowly defined species in other treatments of Chinese Clethra exhibit a strongly continuous pattern of variation from west to east across the range of the species in China (i.e., leaf size and shape, the number of secondary veins on each side of the midvein, anther size and shape); they also exhibit geographically correlated or seemingly random patterns, but without correlated gaps in character states among any two or more characters (i.e., style pubescence, corolla abaxial surface, stamen exsertion).

用来界定更狭窄定义的中国的Clethra的其它种的全部特征，从中国种的分布区的西部到东部，展示了一种强烈的连续变异的样式（如，叶大小和形状，中脉每边次脉的数目，花药的大小和形状）；他们还展示出地理分布的相关或好像随机的样式，但是在任何2或更多特征状态间没有相关的特征间隔（如，花柱被短柔毛，花冠背面、雄蕊伸出）。叶大小与形状，在中脉，花药大小与形状的每边次脉的数量；也的他们展览好象地理上有相互关联或随机模式，但是没有有相互关联特征差距在任何2 特征或更多中说明即，花柱短柔毛，花冠背面，雄蕊exsertion。

From the point of view of geobotany, with the method of correlative factors of growth of plants, a countrywide theoretic ecological division was done for the introduction of Camptotheca acuminata and three kinds of areas of ecological preferent zone, ecological adaptive zone and ecological unadaptable zone were divided. With the theory of synecology, the characteristic on environment, constitution, life form spectrum, diversity, similarity of plots of communities were researched. Applying the method of species association, discrete distribution, indensity index, fractal geometry, etc. to research relations between the species of the communities, space distribution of Camptotheca acuminata, structure of age of Camptotheca acuminata, in different communities. Using the theories of autoecology, distibutons of seeds on land and growth of seedlings in vertical and horizontal directions, biomass of organ of Camptotheca acuminata were analyzed. On the opinions of conservation biology, the external and internal factors impressing Camptotheca acuminata were analyzed to research the mechanism of the endangered species, and with using of CTM Model, the future development direction of Camptotheca acuminata in different communities were forecasted, and. Standing on the position of resources ecology, discussing the regularity of camptothein in Camptotheca acuminata of different sites and seeding of different resources, also the the derive technics of camptothecin.

本文从地植物学的角度，运用植物生长相关因子法，对我国喜树资源的生态适宜区进行了划分，理论上确定了我国的喜树的引种栽培的最适生活区域、生态适宜区域和不适宜生活区域；从群落生态学的角度，对野生喜树所在的典型群落的群落环境、群落组成、群落生活型谱、群落的物种多样性特点、群落样地间相似性进行了研究；从种群生态学的角度，运用种间联结性、离散分布模型、聚集强度指数、分析几何等分析手段，对野生喜树所在典型群落间的种间关系、喜树的空间分布格局、年龄结构等进行了分析；从个体生态学的角度，对不同年龄组的喜树的种子的散落的垂直分布、水平分布、时间分布及种子发芽率和千里重等特点、不同种源的人工喜树苗期特点、喜树的高生长和茎生长特点、喜树的器官生物量特点进行了研究；从保护生物学的角度，对野生喜树的濒危的内部因素和外部因素进行了探讨，并运用CTM模型对不同群落中野生喜树的种群趋势进行了预测；从资源生态学的角度，对我国地理环境下喜树中喜树碱含量的地理分布规律、不同种源的喜树幼苗中喜树碱含量变化规律进行了研究，并对喜树碱的提取工艺进行了探讨。

The paper puts forward the regionalization principle according to the structural feature of geographical spatial environment.

本文根据地理空间环境的结构特征提出了分区的原则，在分析研究内容的主要影响因子的基础上，利用多种数据源，在分区指标的支持下进行空间叠置分析，建立采样均质区，形成样点布设支持的空间背景数据库；同时，本文利用组件式地理信息系统的二次开发能力，设计了多种针对采样均质区自动样点布设的方法，样点布设的结果是形成一个点状空间图层；针对如何定位预先设计的采样点问题，本文又提出了采样导航的概念，它是通过GPS和GIS集成实现的，定位信息经过投影转换，实时显示在采样点空间图层上，参照道路、居民点等背景图层进行采样点定位，并根据空间搜索实时寻找最近采样点，当到达采样点时予以提醒，并进行相关的采样。

In general, this issue belongs to the category of environmental history. While when it comes to some specific issues, trace element in soil is the cut-in point to study the changes of Chinese ancient society. At the present time, such research method hasn\'t been applied in history studies domestic and abroad so far. Therefore, the studies of the paper are only exploratory and immature researches.Three issues are concerned here:lTrace element in soil under geographical environment and the Hun and the Hsienpei\'s levirate.

本文主要探讨地理环境下的土壤微量元素与中国古代社会变迁的关系问题；在总体上，这一专题是属于环境史的范畴；但在具体问题上，则是以地理环境下的土壤微量元素问题做为切入点，来研究中国古代社会变迁问题的；就目前的情况看，这种研究方法在国内外历史学的研究中尚无先例；所以，本文的相关研究只能是带有一些探索性的、不成熟的研究。

The appearance of the specific levirate custom existing in the Hun and the Hsienpei Tungusic in Han and Wei dynasties is the inevitable results of the laws of geographical environment and social development. Living in the high latitudes and dry cold inland areas, plus being heavily short of virtual zinc, a trace element in soil, lead to a high death rate of child-bearing age women. In order to guarantee a normal birth-rate, the Hun and Hsienpei Tungusic had to adopt levirate to ensure healthy child-bearing age women to give birth to offspring as many as they can.2 Trace element in soil under geographical environment and the cultural process of Huang-huai-hai Plain(the Yellow River, Huai River and Hai River ) in historical period.

本文具体的研究涉及三个问题：地理环境下的土壤微量元素与匈奴、鲜卑的"收继婚"问题：我认为汉魏时期匈奴和鲜卑族中特有的"收继婚"俗的产生，是地理环境和社会发展规律相互作用的必然产物；由于匈奴、鲜卑所处纬度高、气候干燥而寒冷的内陆地区，加之土壤微量元素中严重缺乏有效锌，因而造成了育龄妇女的大量死亡，以致为了保证正常的种的繁衍，匈奴和鲜卑不得不采取"收继婚"的婚姻形式，来确保健康的育龄妇女尽可能的去生育后代。

We organized and identified the specimens which collected in the insects specimens laboratory of life science and technology department of Xinjiang university, from almost everywhere of Xinjiang with combination of the conventional methods and the electroscopic scanning technique.

本文采用常规鉴定方法与雄性外生殖器解剖相结合，辅以扫描电镜观察，对收藏于新疆大学生命科学与技术学院昆虫室20年来积累的标本及三年在校期间系统地采集于全疆各地的拟步甲类标本进行了整理与鉴定，结合野外考察及重要类群的生物学研究，研究其区系成份，并对其区系特征及地理分布状况进行了系统的分析，主要研究成果如下：1）初步查明新疆拟步甲科昆虫共计266种，分隶于23族72属，其中35种为中国新记录种，3种为拟步甲类新种，作新种记述，并附图片；在研究过程中初步探讨了拟步甲的中文命名问题； 2）新疆拟步甲种类繁多，其区系成分分析显示，除12种为广布种以外，共有6种区系成分，其中中亚细亚种为最多，有87种，占已种的32.7﹪；其次依次为中央亚细亚种和特有种，分别为81种和65种，各占已知种类的30.5﹪和24.4﹪；泛古北种12种，占4.5﹪；欧洲西伯利亚种7种，占2.6﹪；欧洲中亚种最少，仅有2种，占0.75﹪，并根据新疆拟步甲科昆虫区系成分分析了其起源问题； 3）新疆拟步甲科昆虫的地理分布表明，分布于准噶尔盆地的种类最为丰富，计161种，占新疆已知种的60.5﹪；其次是塔里木盆地92种，占已知种的34.6﹪；东疆诸盆地63种，占23.7﹪；伊犁谷地56种，占21.1﹪；在三大山系中，天山山系的拟步甲种类最多，为54种，占20.3﹪；阿尔泰山山系28种，占10.5﹪；昆仑山山系13种，占4.9﹪。

During the first part, investigate the numbers and location of the different nature reserve, and review about its development, discuss the cause about the rapid developmeng about the protection areas of nature around Beijing. During the second part, this paper use the Geographical Information System to analyze the different sight function, plot our distinct function about the protection area of nature around Beijing. In the third part of this paper, the ecology function was special analyzed. This paper picked up several factor about the ecology and establish mathematics model to detect the most rational ecology distribution, bring forward the new constructive, wilder constructive and combination project. In the last parts of the paper, this paper use the Geographical Information System to analyze the different brim about the protection area of nature around Beijing, calculating the p/a and figure coefficient, and bring forward the brim theory for the nature reserve and city system.

在数量布局方面，包括北京周边各个不同级别的保护区的数目、位置分配布局和发展趋势研究，探讨北京市周边自然保护区数目和面积在99年和2000年突然增长的主要原因，以及今后北京自然保护区的发展方向；在景观布局方面，主要根据不同自然保护区的空间和功能的不同，计算延庆县各个自然保护区的景观多样性指数和景观优势度指数，并结合地理信息系统和航片，划分出不同的景观功能区间，以及各个功能区间之间的相互关系；在生态布局方面，综合考察北京周边自然状况，提取多项因子，建立评价模型，计算出各项因子权重，从而对其自然保护区的生态功能布局的合理性进行评价和趋势分析，为本文提出北京市周边自然保护区新建、扩建与合并的方案提供依据；在边缘布局方面，利用边缘效应理论和研究方法，创新提出&边缘类型样块分析法&，提取多个样方并结合地理信息系统，计算p/a比和自然保护区边缘的形状系数，划出自然保护区边缘效应趋势变化图，考察北京周边自然保护区的边缘效应，以及对城市的生态边缘功能。

Smilax, there are the phylogenetic relationships and distributive pattern to be found based on the combined ITS and maiK. tree: 1 a clade with the African species (S. kraussiana) and Australian species (S. australis), being a sister group; 2 a clade with the S. zeylanica of sect. Macranthae and S. bona-nox of sect. China, the former from Southeast Asia and latter native to US, showing they are a sister species which is disjunctive between Asia-North America, similar to the species pair of S. hispida and S. sieboldii; 3 S. perfoliata from Indonesia being sister to S. ocreata of China and S. megacarpa of Indonesia, which are very similar to each other in morphology; 4 the three species from China (S. lanceifolia, S. perfoliata and S. chapaensis) and S.ovalifolia from Indonesia showing a 87-92% bts monophyletic clade; 5 S.bracteata from China and two species of Indonesia (S. leucophylla and S. sp.) forming a clade in the ITS tree; 6 S.

通过比较研究圆锥花序组和穗菝葜组的地理分布，基于ITS及matK联合数据构建的系统树发现下列明显的具系统发育关系的类群及地理分布模式：1来自非洲的S.kraussiana和来自澳大利亚的S.australis是一对姐妹群，具有共同的祖先；2圆锥花序组的S.zeylanica和菝葜组的S.bona-nox形成一个紧密的分支，前者分布于东亚而后者只局限于美国，显示了一种类似于S.sieboldii和S.hispida那样的东亚—北美间断分布模式；3印度尼西亚的S.perfoliata是分布于中国的S.ocreata和来自印尼S.megacarpa的姐妹群，这三者在形态上也非常接近，表明具有共同祖先；4来自中国的三个种(S.lanceifolia，S.perfoliata and S.chapanensis)和来自印尼的S.ovalifolia形成了一个高支持率的单系分支(87-92％bts)；5基于ITS的系统树，来自中国的S.bracteata和来自印度尼西亚的两个种S.leucophylla and S.sp。

The reason included five aspects:①the effect of physical environment: the open geographical environment and barren soil urge the Greeks to look for development outward while the close geographical environment and advantaged condition for agriculture shaped the Chinese conservative thought and obstructed their steps of going out.②the advancing and blocking of the economic: the frequent trade offered an abundant living supply and open view while the self-sufficient agriculture with restraining trade rigidified the thought.③ the difference in politic institute and situation: the democracy polis of ancient Greece is exclusive in the ancient world. It shaped the atmosphere of freedom, democracy and adversary. While the monarchy in ancient China pursued the "united country" and shaped the atmosphere serving for politic and consolidating thoughts.④the guiding of traditional culture: the Greeks pursued freedom and wisdom and were curious about nature while the Chinese adored ancestor and obeyed the authority and prefer to pragmatism.

出现这种关系的原因本文从以下五点进行分析：①自然环境的影响：古希腊开放的地理环境和贫瘠的土壤种植条件促使古希腊人向外寻求发展，而古代中国封闭的地理环境和优越的农业环境阻碍了中华民族外出的脚步和开放的思维；②经济条件的推动与束缚：工商业发展的农业经济和自给自足的小农经济所创造的物质条件和对思维影响的差别是很大的；③政治制度和政治形势的差异：古希腊民主城邦制在古代世界是独树一帜的，它所营造的自由、民主的氛围和古代中国追求&大一统&的君主专制下为政治服务、思想趋向统一的氛围截然不同；④传统文化的引导：古希腊人在长期的城邦生活和参与海外贸易的生活中形成的开放、自由、对自然充满好奇、追求智慧等民族文化传统与中国保守崇古、讲究实用的文化传统形成了鲜明的对比；⑤思想家本身(来源：A58BC论文网www.abclunwen.com)目的不同：古希腊思想家为了变得智慧而获取知识，享受知识带来的乐趣，而古代中国思想家的一切动机都是为了&成化天下&、&以政裕民&服务。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。