地理学的

After a developing periods of about 20 years, cladistic biogeography methods have been used to deal with the historical biogeographical problems of animals, plants and insects.

支序生物地理学经过20年的方法形成、成熟和完善，现已在动物、植物及昆虫的一些类群得到了应用，同时也在评价生物地理区划中区域的关系方面发挥了一定的作用。

The development of earthworm ecology was constrained by the complex feature of soil, the scarce knowledge of natural history and biogeography of earthworms, and the low efficiency of approaches in field manipulation of earthworm community.

土壤本身的复杂性，蚯蚓自然历史和生物地理学知识的缺乏，野外控制蚯蚓群落方法的滞后等都限制了蚯蚓生态学的发展。

Throughout the advanced capitalist world, we suggest, cities have become strategically curial geographical arenas in which a variety of neoliberal initiatives—along with closely intertwined strategies of crisis displacement and crisis management—have been articulated.

政治学、经济学的精英们为了挖掘地方经济的潜在创新能力，开始塑造地方企业家文化，增强地方行政系统的灵活性，提出切合地方实际的自下而上复苏经济政策，这就为新自由主义政治经济地理学发展提供可能。

It contains entries dealing with various aspects of extant and fossil American plants and fungi, including systematics and floristics, morphology, and ecology, as well as economic botany and general botany (publications dealing with botanists, herbaria, etc.).

索引条目涉及美国现存的、化石的植物和真菌类的各方面信息，包括系统学、植物区系地理学、形态学和生态学，经济植物学和普通植物学，还涉及植物学家和标本的出版物信息。

The research and application of GIS have permeated into many fields such as geography, geognosy, environmental inspection, land use,traffic security and so on.

摘要自从1963年地理信息系统这一概念诞生以来，地理信息系统的理论和技术方法已得到了飞速的发展，其研究和应用己渗透到自然科学及应用技术的很多领域，如地理学，地质学，环境监测，土地利用，城市规划，交通安全等等，并日益受到各国政府和产业部门的重视。

Ichnology is a relatively new multidisciplinary research area, which is an interdiscipline composed of many different fields, such as biology、 paleontology、historical geology、and sedimentology.

遗迹学是一门新兴的地质学科，它是生物学、古生物学、地史学、沉积学和岩相古地理学等学科的交叉学科，是这些学科的发展产物，同时又为它们提供了非常有价值的地质学信息。

The research of industrial stucture adjustment and upgrading in the new period: Based on the case of Nanjing ABSTRACT As the important contents of the subject of not only economy, but also economic geography, the industrial structure has great significance to the regional economic and social development. The adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure has the dynamic indissolubility without ceasing based on the absolute advancing of market demand without end, and the forever inevitability of the capital chasing profit.

新时期产业结构调整与升级研究—基于南京的实证产业结构不仅是经济学也是经济地理学研究的重要内容，产业结构的变迁对一个区域的经济发展和社。。。

The first part traces back to Humanistic Geography, Cultural Landscape, Existentialism and its philosophical branch line-phenomenology, which are sources of the Regionalism. The second part is centered on interpretation and implementation in either landscape or architecture disciplines, in relation to the perspectives of city planning, architecture, and landscape architecture. And Regionalist advocates like Lewis Mumford, Liane Lefaivre, Alexander Tzonis, Kenneth Frampton and so on are included.

第一部份涵盖人文主义地理学、文化地景、以及存在主义及其支系的现象学等基础；第二部份讲授以上述知识论为主的地景和建筑诠释与实践，包括城市规划、建筑和地景建筑理论等范畴的相应，介绍地域论者如Lewis Mumford， Liane Lefaivre， Alexander Tzonis， Kenneth Frampton等人的观点。

William Muirhead's Universal Geography was published by London Missionary Society Mission Press in 1853 - 1854. As a first Western geographical encyclopaedia of Chinese edition, it systematically introduced geology, physical and human geography, regional geography, and also provided some basic knowledge of climatology, hydrology and ethnology to the Chinese.

作为第一部中文版的西方地理学百科全书，该书较为系统地向中国人介绍地质、自然地理、人文地理、区域地理的知识，也介绍了气候学、水文学和人种学的一些基本知识，其中"地史论"较早详细地介绍了荷马、希罗多德、马可·波罗、洪堡等一些西方著名的地理学家。

The geographical (and, where relevant, stratigraphical) place of capture, collection, or observation of the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies Art.

采获，采集或观察一个命名种或亚种的具名模式的地理学(以及与该处相关的，地层学的)地点[第76条1，建议76A]。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。