地理分布

We choose the arid land of northwestern China as our study area because of its extensive area, specific geographical location, dry climate, varied topography, vulnerable ecosystems and long-term human disturbance, as well as the existence of current conflicts between economic development and environmental protection. Based on the literature, we choose ten desert species with clear and relatively accurate geographical distribution ranges to model their distributions:Anabasis brevifolia, Atraphaxis frutescens, Calligonum mon-golicum, Ephedra przewalskii, Gymnocarpos przewalskii, Haloxylon ammodendron, Haloxylon persicum, Ka-lidium cuspidatum, Salsola laricifolia, and Sympegma regelii.

：选择面积广阔、地理位置特殊、气候干旱、地形地貌多样、生态系统脆弱以及人类活动长期干扰，而且目前面临着西部大开发和环境保护双重矛盾的西北干旱区作为研究区域，通过收集西北干旱区多种优势种和常见种的地理分布资料，选取10种分布范围相对明确、资料相对齐备的荒漠植物种：短叶假木贼、木蓼(A- traphaxis frutescens)、沙拐枣、膜果麻黄、裸果木、梭梭柴、白梭梭、尖叶盐爪爪、松叶猪毛菜(Salsola lar- icifolia)和合头草，定量分析其地理分布与气候因子的关系，并据此估测其潜在中心分布区和潜在最大分布范围，与实际分布范围进行比较。

From the point of view of geobotany, with the method of correlative factors of growth of plants, a countrywide theoretic ecological division was done for the introduction of Camptotheca acuminata and three kinds of areas of ecological preferent zone, ecological adaptive zone and ecological unadaptable zone were divided. With the theory of synecology, the characteristic on environment, constitution, life form spectrum, diversity, similarity of plots of communities were researched. Applying the method of species association, discrete distribution, indensity index, fractal geometry, etc. to research relations between the species of the communities, space distribution of Camptotheca acuminata, structure of age of Camptotheca acuminata, in different communities. Using the theories of autoecology, distibutons of seeds on land and growth of seedlings in vertical and horizontal directions, biomass of organ of Camptotheca acuminata were analyzed. On the opinions of conservation biology, the external and internal factors impressing Camptotheca acuminata were analyzed to research the mechanism of the endangered species, and with using of CTM Model, the future development direction of Camptotheca acuminata in different communities were forecasted, and. Standing on the position of resources ecology, discussing the regularity of camptothein in Camptotheca acuminata of different sites and seeding of different resources, also the the derive technics of camptothecin.

本文从地植物学的角度，运用植物生长相关因子法，对我国喜树资源的生态适宜区进行了划分，理论上确定了我国的喜树的引种栽培的最适生活区域、生态适宜区域和不适宜生活区域；从群落生态学的角度，对野生喜树所在的典型群落的群落环境、群落组成、群落生活型谱、群落的物种多样性特点、群落样地间相似性进行了研究；从种群生态学的角度，运用种间联结性、离散分布模型、聚集强度指数、分析几何等分析手段，对野生喜树所在典型群落间的种间关系、喜树的空间分布格局、年龄结构等进行了分析；从个体生态学的角度，对不同年龄组的喜树的种子的散落的垂直分布、水平分布、时间分布及种子发芽率和千里重等特点、不同种源的人工喜树苗期特点、喜树的高生长和茎生长特点、喜树的器官生物量特点进行了研究；从保护生物学的角度，对野生喜树的濒危的内部因素和外部因素进行了探讨，并运用CTM模型对不同群落中野生喜树的种群趋势进行了预测；从资源生态学的角度，对我国地理环境下喜树中喜树碱含量的地理分布规律、不同种源的喜树幼苗中喜树碱含量变化规律进行了研究，并对喜树碱的提取工艺进行了探讨。

The established models in which annual precipitation was incorporated as the principal variable indicate a very closely correlation between forest productivity and its corresponding climatic factors,allowing to simulate distribution pattern of actual forest productivity effectiv...

结果表明：在所构建的模型中，除海拔高度与净生产力的相关模型外，其它模型均有较高的实用价值，模型的拟合曲线变化，基本反映了中国森林现实生产力的地理分布格局；中国森林生产力的分布格局主要取决于气候环境中的水热条件，水分条件是决定中国大部分地区森林生产力水平和地理分布格局的主导因素；根据7个GCMs大气环流模型预测合成的2030年的气候情景，研究气候变化对中国森林生产力影响的结果是：气候变化并没有改变中国森林第一性生产力的地理分布格局，即从东南向西北森林生产力递减趋势不变，但不同地域的森林生产力有不同程度的增加。

Asian (47.4%) and temperate genera mainly constituted by North temperate (50%) and E. Asian (50%). So that the geographical elements are discomplex. In the 25 species of arborous layer, 76% is the middle subtropical zonal type, 16% south subtropical zonal type and 8% north subtropical zonal type, of which the first 6 positions of important value index were all middle subtropical zonal type. This showed that the community was subtropical characteristic. There are 59.5% evergreen and 40.5% deblade of 79 known species in which the mid-phaenerophytes is the first position of all, accounting for 27.8%, and the evergreen broad-leaved species constituted the majority of meso-phaenerophytes which accounts for 15.2%.

乔木层多数优势种为稳定型种群，所以乔木层优势区系成分相当稳定，表明该群落为一种顶极群落。59个种子植物属只有10个分布区类型和4个变型，地理成分不复杂，其中热带分布27属占46.6%，温带分布31属占53.4%；热带分布以泛热带和热带亚洲分布为主，分别占52.6%和47.4%，温带分布为北温带和东亚分布各占50%。25个乔木层树种中，中亚热带地理分布类型的占76%，南亚热带地理分布类型的占16%，北亚热带地理分布类型占8%，重要值指数排列前6名的均为中亚热带地理分布类型，所以该群落为亚热带性质。

Using the equal-area grids of 6 470 km2as geographical units,the distributional patterns of glires in the humid and semi-humid and semi-humid region of China were studied.

系统收集并整理了我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物的地理分布资料，基于GIS技术，通过生境分析，确定了每个物种的分布范围，采用6 470 km2的等面积栅格作为地理分布单元，系统研究我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物地理分布规律。

Available geographical data of glireswere collected to build their digital distributionmap in the humid regionof China based on habitat analysis supported by GIS. Using the equal-area grids of 6 470 km2as geographical units,the distributional patterns of glires in the humid and semi-humid and semi-humid region of China were studied.

系统收集并整理了我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物的地理分布资料，基于GIS技术，通过生境分析，确定了每个物种的分布范围，采用6 470 km2的等面积栅格作为地理分布单元，系统研究我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物地理分布规律。

Available geographical data of glireswere collected to build their digital distributionmap in the humid regionof China based on habitat analysis supported by GIS. Using the equal-area grids of 6 470 km2as geographical units,the distributional patterns of glires in the humid and semi-humid and semi-humid region of China were studied.

系统收集并整理了我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物的地理分布资料，基于GIS技术，通过生境分析，确定了每个物种的分布范围，采用6 470 km2的等面积栅格作为地理分布单元，系统研究我国湿润半湿润地区啮类动物地理分布。

The distribution database and the geographic cladograms of the superfamily was set up. The distribution pattern of the superfamily was concluded and the origination centre of the superfamily was also discussed. We deduced that the South Asia is probably the origination centre of the superfamily. Two new index for zoogeographic analysis, index of high taxa distribution and the possibility index of the origination of a high taxa, were proposed.

应用Diva 软件研究了叶蜂总科族级支序生物地理，建立了地理分布数据库和地理支序图，拟合了叶蜂总科现代分布格局，推断出叶蜂总科的起源中心位于东亚南部，提出了两个新的地理分析指数—类元分布指数It和类群起源可能性指数Io。

The "yes" or "no"(1 or 0) of distribution of reptiles in Guangdong Province were regarded as two-state character. The relative coefficient was taken for the similar degree of reptiles in every two zoogeographical provinces. The cluster analysis was taken by group average method. The characteristics of geographical distribution and the comparison between the result of cluster analysis and the geographical distribution of reptiles in Guangdong Province are discussed.

将各种爬行动物在广东4个动物地理省（粤北、粤东、粤西、沿海）分布的有或无作为二元性状，用联合系教来表征每两个动物地理省爬行动物组成的相似程度，以类平均法进行聚类分析，结果表明爬行类在广东各动物地理省的分布受地形明显影响，论述了广东省爬行动物地理分布的特点，并对聚类结果与动物地理区划进行了比较。

Smilax, there are the phylogenetic relationships and distributive pattern to be found based on the combined ITS and maiK. tree: 1 a clade with the African species (S. kraussiana) and Australian species (S. australis), being a sister group; 2 a clade with the S. zeylanica of sect. Macranthae and S. bona-nox of sect. China, the former from Southeast Asia and latter native to US, showing they are a sister species which is disjunctive between Asia-North America, similar to the species pair of S. hispida and S. sieboldii; 3 S. perfoliata from Indonesia being sister to S. ocreata of China and S. megacarpa of Indonesia, which are very similar to each other in morphology; 4 the three species from China (S. lanceifolia, S. perfoliata and S. chapaensis) and S.ovalifolia from Indonesia showing a 87-92% bts monophyletic clade; 5 S.bracteata from China and two species of Indonesia (S. leucophylla and S. sp.) forming a clade in the ITS tree; 6 S.

通过比较研究圆锥花序组和穗菝葜组的地理分布，基于ITS及matK联合数据构建的系统树发现下列明显的具系统发育关系的类群及地理分布模式：1来自非洲的S.kraussiana和来自澳大利亚的S.australis是一对姐妹群，具有共同的祖先；2圆锥花序组的S.zeylanica和菝葜组的S.bona-nox形成一个紧密的分支，前者分布于东亚而后者只局限于美国，显示了一种类似于S.sieboldii和S.hispida那样的东亚—北美间断分布模式；3印度尼西亚的S.perfoliata是分布于中国的S.ocreata和来自印尼S.megacarpa的姐妹群，这三者在形态上也非常接近，表明具有共同祖先；4来自中国的三个种(S.lanceifolia，S.perfoliata and S.chapanensis)和来自印尼的S.ovalifolia形成了一个高支持率的单系分支(87-92％bts)；5基于ITS的系统树，来自中国的S.bracteata和来自印度尼西亚的两个种S.leucophylla and S.sp。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。