地理

We choose the arid land of northwestern China as our study area because of its extensive area, specific geographical location, dry climate, varied topography, vulnerable ecosystems and long-term human disturbance, as well as the existence of current conflicts between economic development and environmental protection. Based on the literature, we choose ten desert species with clear and relatively accurate geographical distribution ranges to model their distributions:Anabasis brevifolia, Atraphaxis frutescens, Calligonum mon-golicum, Ephedra przewalskii, Gymnocarpos przewalskii, Haloxylon ammodendron, Haloxylon persicum, Ka-lidium cuspidatum, Salsola laricifolia, and Sympegma regelii.

：选择面积广阔、地理位置特殊、气候干旱、地形地貌多样、生态系统脆弱以及人类活动长期干扰，而且目前面临着西部大开发和环境保护双重矛盾的西北干旱区作为研究区域，通过收集西北干旱区多种优势种和常见种的地理分布资料，选取10种分布范围相对明确、资料相对齐备的荒漠植物种：短叶假木贼、木蓼(A- traphaxis frutescens)、沙拐枣、膜果麻黄、裸果木、梭梭柴、白梭梭、尖叶盐爪爪、松叶猪毛菜(Salsola lar- icifolia)和合头草，定量分析其地理分布与气候因子的关系，并据此估测其潜在中心分布区和潜在最大分布范围，与实际分布范围进行比较。

In the daily management of distribution network, the network structure and the equipment and they locate the geographical environment close correlation, like equipment such as transformer substation, pole tower, user, transformer, with geographical coordinate closely relates in together, but power distribution equipment management, movement management, production scheduling, plan design and so on not only must understand electrical network analysis situs relations and equipment situation, but also must grasp space position which his they is at, therefore must and its geographical coordinate the characteristic position relates the equipment the unification management.

在配电系统的日常管理中，网络的结构与设备和它们所处的地理环境密切相关，如变电站、杆塔、用户、变压器等设备，和地理坐标紧密联系在一起，而配电的设备管理、运行管理、生产调度、规划设计等不但要了解电网的拓扑关系和设备情况，还要掌握它们所在的空间位置，因此必须将设备及其地理坐标特征位置联系起来统一管理。

Based on these theories, it develops a GIS map projection software using Visual C++ as a platform. The software consists of two parts: analytical ordinal transformation and analytical athwart transformation. Analytical athwart transformation implements map projective transformation with coefficients obtained through numerical method, which is also the main idea of this paper. Map projective transformation process is illustrated with the examples of Mercator projection and conic projection.

地图投影建立了平面上的点(用平面直角坐标或者极坐标表示)和地球表面上的点之间的函数关系，而地理信息系统以平面直角坐标形式通过计算机图形学的方法表示2维或3维地理空间信息，因此，地图投影起到了地球空间与地理信息系统之间的坐标转换的桥梁作用[1]。

In this paper, detailed research related to geography teaching language literature on the basis of the scientific theory of modern education and their own teaching practice, the type of language teaching geography, the role, standards and other aspects of study, by their geographical application of the medium of instruction Some view.

本文在详研相关地理教学语言文献资料的基础上，结合现代教育科学理论和自己的教学实践，对地理教学语言的类型、作用、标准等方面展开分析探讨，提出了自己对地理教学语言应用的几点看法。

To be specific, it mainly contains map, landscape pattern, geographical abridged general view, geographical cartogram, entity photography, remote sensing image and so on.

它包括各种类型地图、与地理教学有关的各种图像、图表等，具体地说，主要有地图、景观图像、地理示意图、地理统计图、实物图和遥感图像等。

At the same time, the weakness of GIS spatial analysis cumbers the extent and profundity development of geographical information system.

但由于地理信息数据模型与数据结构、数据库管理的多样性与异构性，增加了地理信息共享困难以及地理信息系统空间分析功能的薄弱性，影响了地理信息系统向广度和深度发展。

In this paper, we realize GIS interoperation at syntactic and semantic levels by encapsuling geographical function unit in semantic geographical web service, and describe how to interact with it with WSDL and what its geographic function means with OWLS, then present an interoperation model of semantic geographical web service.

文章通过利用WebServices技术将地理功能单元封装成语义地理Web服务，使用WSDL来描述如何与之交互的语法信息，使用OWLS来描述该服务具有怎样的地理功能的语义信息，从而在语法和语义两个层次上实现 GIS互操作，并给出了利用语义地理Web服务进行互操作的模式。

Geospatial information resources directory service system, used to collect, store, use and manage geospatial information resources directory contents, through the metadata description and retrieval mechanism, localizes and discoveries the geospatial information resources, realizing the system that shares geospatial information resources.

地理空间信息资源目录体系是采集、存储、使用和管理地理空间信息资源目录内容，通过元数据描述和检索机制，定位和发现地理空间信息资源，实现地理空间信息资源共享的系统。

It's assumed that the spatial distribution of geographic features is the result of the interaction of various factors and can be modeled as a complex non linear function.

本文认定地理要素的空间分布可以用一复杂的非线性函数模拟，该函数是由多种因素综合作用的结果，即地理要素的值是这些因素的函数，如果以各因素为输入、对应地理要素值为期望输出，对网络进行训练可对地理要素的空间分布进行模拟。

Conferences devoted to GIS-T (such as the GIS-T Symposium held each Spring in the USA) and many of the general GIS conferences have special sessions on GIS-T and closely related topics such as infrastructure management (see, for example, the proceedings from the annual conferences of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, URISA, and the annual US GIS/LIS conferences).

会议专门讨论地理信息系统的T （如地理信息系统- T的论坛研讨会每年春天在美国），而且很多普通的GIS会议特别会议，对地理信息系统为T和密切相关的课题，如基础设施管理（见，例如，诉讼程序从年度会议的城市和区域信息系统协会， urisa ，以及每年美国地理信息系统/土地信息系统会议）。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。