地方法官

Sided with the parents of the students, who had been threatened with suspension by the Bayonne school district last fall for wearing the buttons.

美国地方法院法官约瑟夫甲保加利亚对着站在家长的学生，曾威胁中止，由永学区去年秋天穿的按钮。

There are comments in some of the authorities to which we have referred which suggest that in some circumstances a trial judge may fairly inform the jury that an explanation has been made for the first time at trial provided that the judge also makes it clear that an accused has the right to remain silent and make no explanation in answer to police questions.

但在判词第57 段，包法官指出如果被告人在受警诫的情况下，又或在非警诫的情况下，曾经对有关方面作出某些回应，而回应的内容却在审讯时与被告人选择作供的供词中有不相符的地方，控方和法庭方面是可以就不符的地方作出批评和要求陪审团作出某些推论。

Secondly,* The legislative, or supreme authority, cannot assume to itself a power to rule by extemporary arbitrary decrees, but is bound to dispense justice, and decide the rights of the subject by promulgated standing laws, and known authorized judges: for the law of nature being unwritten, and so no where to be found but in the minds of men, they who through passion or interest shall miscite, or misapply it, cannot so easily be convinced of their mistake where there is no established judge: and so it serves not, as it ought, to determine the rights, and fence the properties of those that live under it, especially where every one is judge, interpreter, and executioner of it too, and that in his own case: and he that has right on his side, having ordinarily but his own single strength, hath not force enough to defend himself from injuries, or to punish delinquents.

第二，立法权力或最高权力，不能自认为是通过即兴的肆意的法令来统治的权力，而只能局限于衡量正义（衡量罪行与惩罚是否相当，衡量伤害与补偿是否相当），并由公布的恒定法律和已知被授权的法官来裁定臣民之间的权利：因为自然法并非成文，所以只能在人们的思想中找到它们，在没有设立法官的地方，由于人们充满了激情或利益的考虑便会错误引证或应用自然法，从而就不能那么容易的确定他们的错误了：这样一来立法权力就不是服务于——它本来应该如此——裁定权利，保护生活于其下的臣民的财产，特别是在他自己的事件中，每个人都是审判者，解释者和执行者：有权利的一方，通常仅仅只能依靠他自己的力量，没有足够的力量来保护自己免于伤害，或者去惩罚犯罪者。

He finally sent to Rome Stephen, Bishop of Dora, the first bishop of the patriarchate, who has given us a moving description of the way in which the saint led him to the holy place of Calvary and there charged him, saying: Thou shalt give an account to the God who was crucified for us in this holy place, in His glorious and awful advent, when He shall come to judge the living and the dead, if thou delay and allow His Faith to be endangered, since, as thou knowest, I am myself let, by reason of the invasion of the Saracens which is come upon us for our sins.

"他终於向斯蒂芬罗马主教多拉，第一主教的主教，谁给我们描述一个移动的方式，其中圣使他的神圣的地方的各各他和控告他，他说："你应该举一个帐户，以上帝谁是钉在十字架上为我们在这个神圣的地方，在他的光荣和可怕的到来，当他应到法官的生活和死亡，如果你拖延，并允许他的信仰受到威胁，因为你知道，我告诉自己，由於入侵的撒拉逊人来这是我们为我们的罪孽。

In current criminal judgment, attention has not been paid for prejudgment, which resulted in ignorance of prejudgment by judges in many areas. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the idea of exclusion of prejudgment in criminal judgment.

我国的刑事审判对法官的预断尚缺乏足够的关注，导致在审判中许多地方都对法官预断视而不见，全面引进预断排除的理念，在刑事审判上贯彻预断排除原则实属必要。

What are some of the major differences in the electorial process this time compare to the previous times?

法官怒斥被告：「我担任这个地方法院的法官这些年来，已经在法庭上见过你七次，难道你不觉得羞耻吗？

Appearing before a judge for sentencing, Michael Gaines shouted obscenities at the judge and assistant district attorney .

在法官对其宣判之前， Michael Ganines 大声辱骂法官和助理地方检察官。

Since, however, the discretion is being exercised in the context of an acquittal – the averments constituting the charges having been found by the jury as not amounting to the crimes alleged – it follows that, generally speaking, the conduct most relevant to the matters under consideration must be the defendant's conduct during the investigation and at the trial: How he first responded to the investigators, the answers he gave when confronted with the accusations, the consistency of those answers with his subsequent defence, etc.

另外一个考虑，上诉人被警方调查的时候，正如梁大律师所指，上诉人亦同意当时他是与该女事主发生性行为，而同意当时是见到第一被告人与女事主发生性行为之后，便去了浴室，而他自己抱著好奇心与女事主发生性行为的。无论该女事主当时是同意或正如何大律师指出这是一位在十六岁开始已与男朋友发生性行为的女士。这些考虑本席认为不适宜用於在裁判法官可考虑的地方，因为这不是审讯而是裁判法官只考虑有关上诉人当时的行为和所提及的口供来分析后，认为上诉人可否获得讼费。正如梁大律师指出，这是裁判法官有绝对的酌情权。

A magistrate determined that there was probable cause to search the house.

地方法官认为具备搜查这所房子的合理根据。

He was hauled up before the local magistrates for disorderly conduct.

他因目无法纪的行为被送到地方法官面前。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。