地方政府

Chapter Ⅶ Harmonious Development Mechanism and Management Pattern Formation of Urban System in Central Shaanxi Plain Firstly, three different view layers of macro, medium, and micro are adopted to study the relevant mechanism for developing urban system in Central Shaanxi; The macro layer mainly probed into the affect from government affair to urban development, reached the conclusion that whether government will rationalize and benefit the harmonious development will be largely owed to the government affair regulation and adaptive general planning system to fix on the urban construction aims and stresses on the foundation of speeding up mechanism and principle innovation; The medium emphasized analyzing the Industry assembling mechanism for harmonious development acceleration and regional distribution and cross-regional adjustment among economic zones from the two aspects of Industry structuring and regional economic spatial location; The micro analyzed the behavioral characteristics of the micro subject and its motivation effects in the urban system development from aspects of enterprises, non-governmental organizations and the public, and set up the compatible mechanism of its active stimulus and restriction.

本章首先从宏观、中观和微观三个层面入手研究了推进关中城镇体系协调发展的相关机制：（1）宏观层面重点研究了政府行为对关中城镇体系发展的影响，认为在不同制度环境下地方政府行为选择也是对其它主体行为选择的理性反应，但地方政府行为能否趋于理性化并有利于关中城镇体系的协调发展，关键还是在于尽快完成关中体制创新和制度创新的基础上，规范政府行为，建立有助于地区利益协调的宏观调控体系，并以此为基点确定了关中城镇体系的宏观调控目标与重点；（2）中观层面重点从产业组织和区域经济空间组织两个方面分析了推进关中城镇体系协调发展的产业聚集机制和各城市经济区的区内组织及区际协调机制；（3）微观层面从企业、非政府组织和公众三个方面入手。分析了微观主体的行为特征及其参与关中城镇体系协调发展的积极作用，并建立了促进微观主体主动参与的激励—约束相容机制。

This text thinks, toing make the local government come out the predicament that system set up, shoulding emphasize from three commence namely:The local government should implement to produce the power working talent ownly, setting up with the system the diversification that promote produce the power, and pass to produce the power protect, resolving the motive of the tiny view corpus encourage the problem;To systemize the stipulation norm is central and creative relation in local system;Withdraw the market working talent realm, realize the type of 范 that system set up convert, such as reasonable boundary that contracts public economic market front, clear and definite government working talent with relax control etc..

本文认为，要使地方政府走出制度创新的困境，应着重从三个方面入手，即：地方政府应履行自己的产权职能，以制度创新促进产权的多元化，并通过产权保护，解决微观主体的动力激励问题；以制度化约束规范中央与地方的制度创新关系；退出市场职能领域，实现制度创新的范式转换，如收缩公有经济的市场战线、明确政府职能的合理边界和放松管制等。

Because of the extensive range and large quantity, local administrative organs are in a very important position in the system of governments in our country. Besides, the logistic management system of local administrative organs is an important component of the local administrative management system, which is an important guarantee of the smooth function of local governments' activities.

地方行政机关在我国的政府系统中由于范围广泛、数量巨大而处于一个非常重要的地位，而地方行政机关后勤管理体制是地方行政管理体制的重要组成部分，是地方政府职能活动顺利进行的重要保障。

This paper explain transition in region economic development pattern in term of horizontal competition among local governments.we argue that fiscal decentralization from central to local government give rise to profit-seeking behavior of government .

本文尝试从地方政府横向之间竞争的角度来解释区域经济发展模式转轨的过程。基本思路是这样的：由于各级政府广泛存在的财政分权制度，导致了逐利性政府的形成，由于资源的稀缺性，地方政府之间会产生激烈的竞争。

Be in western in big development, the part of administration and local government and function are distinguishing, the action of administration basically reflects the drive that solving local government to undertake the system innovates and infrastructure construction to go up, the main effect of local government reflects the option that cuts a point in system innovation and specific system arrangement to go up.

在西部大开发中，中央政府与地方政府的角色和职能是有区别的，中央政府的作用主要体现在解决地方政府进行制度创新的激励和基础设施建设上，地方政府的主要作用体现在制度创新切入点的选择和具体的制度安排上。

The three major US urban political institutions present plenty of experience to draw and lessons to learn because they have gone through repeated attempt and practice since introduction and later development,especially the system of city management and the system of mayorship and city council.

尤其是城市经理制和兼设CAO的市长暨议会制，较充分地体现了地方政府管理企业化、专业化的趋势以及地方政府行政至上的原则，符合地方政府发展的一般规律。

Hoxby, Caroline Minter, Is There an Equity-Efficiency Trade-Off in School Finance Tiebout and a Theory of the Local Public Goods Producer, NBER Working Paper 5265, 1995;Peltzman, Sam, The Political Economy of the Decline of American Public Education, Journal of Law and Economics,

Tibout的公共品提供和地方政府竞争的模型中，政府的税收是人头税，而中国的地方政府获得的收入所得税本质上也是人头税，这些税收支持了地方的教育财政，因此，Tibout模型的基本结论也同样适用于中国。

I bring forward some suggestions on how to improve our governments function of public service according to governmental public service theory. That is, transform our opinion to service the public; transform the service function further, to make the governmental function stronger, weaker, or transformable; try to do economical service, social service better; strengthen overall system construction, build and perfect public service system; build electronic administration supervise system and government affairs consultable system; public information providing publicly system; build and perfect county level public financial system; perfect employment and social insurance system; carry out and perfect relative service rules; discover new public service ways to realize public service socially and market-oriented; to realize public service electronically; strengthen classified service, realizes the public service multiple supplies and the layered supplies; build a better public service team; Enhancement institution administration potency construction, implement science government service achievements management.

根据政府公共服务能力理论的原则，提出了提高我国地方政府公共服务能力的对策建议：转变公共服务理念；进一步转变服务职能，实现政府职能的强化、弱化和转化；加强制度建设，建立政务咨询制度、公开资讯制度，建立健全地方政府公共财政体制，完善就业和社会保障制度，推行和完善相关的服务机制；创新公共服务方法，实现公共服务市场化和社会化及公共服务电子化，引入现代工商管理方法；加强分类服务，实现公共服务的多样性供给及层次性供给；加强共服务队伍建设；加强机关行政效能建设，实施科学的政府服务绩效管理。

With the gradual improvement of market economy system and progress of society development, it turns hard for the government-dominated investment promotion mode to meet the current demands. How to emplace the positions of local governments in fields of investment promotion and bring their functions into full play has become an issue needs to be addressed urgently for the healthy development of local economy.

笔者作为地方政府招商部门工作人员，从事招商引资工作已逾6年，参与过招商引资政策的拟定和地方招商引资政策的推行，结合两年多公共管理的理论学习，并在前人研究的基础上，笔者认为，传统的政府主导型的招商引资职能定位已经不能适应时代的需要，如何应对竞争压力，正确定位地方政府在。。。

Initial Purposes and Significance of ResearchSince our country carried on the regionalistic reform, the competition between governments (including the competition between central government and local government and the competition between local governments ) has already become the irrefutable fact.

摘要一、论文研究的动因我国进行分权改革以来，地方政府相对于中央政府的独立利益得到承认和章显。地方政府出于自身利益考虑而进行的制度创新一方面促进了经济转型的进程，另一方面导致诸如地方保护主义、地方越权减免税等混乱局面，虽然中央也曾明令禁止，但由于没有找到治乱根源，而是对各种非规范行为进行直接的行政禁止，收效欠佳。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。