地方政府

The main points of view of this dissertation include:1、All kinds of economic behaviors of Chinese local government are its inevitable choice because of dual attributes resulted in the economic and political competitions.2、The total characteristics of the economic behaviors of Chinese local government are of game、un-normative、market and short-eyesight.3、The economic behaviors of Chinese local government in the vertical perspective can be depicted as economic competitions and political compliance.

在此基础上，提出了规范中国地方政府经济行为的对策建议。本文的主要观点包括：1、中国地方政府表现出的种种经济行为是处在经济和政治双重竞争环境中从而具有经济和政治双重属性的必然选择。2、中国地方政府经济行为的总体特征是博弈性、非规范性、市场性和短期性。3、纵向关系中的中国地方政府经济行为可以描述为经济抗衡与政治服从。

The current real estate\'s industry tax policy\'s characteristic is, in the real estate sale, the hiring, in the transfer circuit levies the categories of taxes to be excessively many, the tax burden to be overweight, holds stage the tax burden to be relatively quite low, has provided the opportunity congenially for the real estate, under the appropriate external environment, easy to initiate the entire profession the congenial behavior.

合理的房地产税收政策应该具有前瞻性和导向性，我们通过立法改变地方政府对房地产企业乱收费的现状，通过在中央政府和地方政府之间重新分配税收收入，减少地方财政收入对房地产企业的依赖，通过简并税种适当降低房地产开发阶段的税负水平，通过实行差别税率来减少房地产投机行为，通过完善保有阶段的税(来源：ABC0e论文网www.abclunwen.com)种设置和房地产评估机制，使闲置不用的房产都能流入市场，解决供求矛盾问题，通过充实房地产业的税收优惠政策来体现我国政府对房地产行业发展的导向作用。

The paper analyzes the status and reasons of the high administrative cost of the local government on the basis of the theory of the meaning, characteristic and factors of impact of the administrative cost. To counter the existing problems of the administrative cost of our local government, I give some countermove to reduce the administrative cost of our local government.

本文拟从我国地方政府行政成本的涵义、特点、影响因素等基本理论着手，剖析我国地方政府行政成本的现状以及行政成本过高的原因，针对地方政府行政成本存在的问题，提出了一些降低我国地方政府行政成本的看法和设想。

In terms of administration system, under the centralized administration system, the local governments' administrative authority is very limited; from the point view of economic administration right division, as the organizer and regulator of regional economy, local governments are unable to enjoy the proper rights and interests of State-owned asset owners, the tax income division regulations are incomplete, and there is the shortage of credit bodies. Although the central government and the local governments are both State-owned asset investors, yet the central government should possess ultimate ownership. It is necessary to properly divide their property rights and particularly important to clearly define the rights and responsibilities of central government and local governments.

从行政体制看，在中央集权形式下地方所拥有的行政性权力非常有限；从经济管理分权看，地方政府作为区域性经济组织和管理者，利益主体残缺，分税制不完全，信用主体缺失；从国有资产出资人角度看，中央政府与地方政府同为国有资产出资人主体，但中央政府拥有终极所有权，合理划分各自的产权，并明确界定中央和地方政府的权利和责任变得尤其重要，也是国有资产市场化委托代理的重要环节。

The systematic structure of the local government is characterized by systematicness,acitvity and relative stability.

本文仅就地方政府系统结构的组合方式与特点作些初步探讨。1 地方政府系统结构的组合方式组成地方政府系统结构的各个地方政府，它们只有按照特定的方式组合起上下衔接、左右协调的网络，在形成有机整体系统的基础上才能有效地发挥其功能。

And the nature of local government characters the legal rules to deal with local government's debts. There are differents in principle and system design. Three principals, no disincorporate administrative organization, no liquidation government finance, separation between financial bankruptcy and government administrative function, should be followed.

地方政府的特殊性决定了地方政府债务处理的法律规则应与一般破产制度在操作原则和具体制度设计上存在不同，在地方财政破产中应贯彻行政主体不消灭、政府财政不清算、财政破产与政府行政职能分离等原则。

In the fourth part, the adverse influence of the remaining system on the local society is anatomized .

第四部分分析了这种存留制度对地方社会长远发展造成的不利影响：首先是地方吏治腐败，官吏为弥补公私两用，贪污贿赂公行；其次是地方政府职能趋于萎缩，因为财政拮据，政府在治理和发展地方上无所作为；再次是地方公共服务事业因为极度缺乏资金而无法开展，这些因素最终不利于地方社会经济的整体发展和全面改善。

The thesis includes five parts: Chapter 1 distinguishes the government and local government, government and local government debt, and assorts the local government debts.

全文共分五部分。第一部分，对政府与地方政府，政府与地方政府债务进行了界定，并对地方政府债务进行了分类。

As a solution, the rent-seeking opportunities of local governments should be eliminated, and the supervision of National and local People"s Congress should be enhanced, the organizations and supers in central government and local governments should be reduced, the supervision efficiency of central government and local People"s Congresses to the local governments should be promoted.

应当消除地方政府的寻租空间，加强全国和地方两级人民代表大会的监督作用，压缩中央和地方两级政府的机构并裁减其冗员，同时提高中央政府和地方人大对地方政府监督的效率。

It makes a study of the pursuance model of the local governmental behavior and a comparative analysis upon the local government behavior under the "Zhejiang Model" and the developed market economic system of USA, and provides a new vision and useful research methods to the study of the local government behavior.

研究了地方政府行为追求模型，并对&浙江模式&下的地方政府行为与美国发达市场经济体制下的地方政府行为进行了对比分析，为地方政府行为研究提供了一个新的视角和有益的研究方法。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。