地方制度

In former times, those severe places where the discipline of the prison delivers the convict into his own hands, were composed of four stone walls, a stone ceiling, a flagged pavement, a camp bed, a grated window, and a door lined with iron, and were called dungeons; but the dungeon was judged to be too terrible; nowadays they are composed of an iron door, a grated window, a camp bed, a flagged pavement, four stone walls, and a stone ceiling, and are called chambers of punishment.

从前，狱里的制度是让囚犯自己去处理自己的，囚禁他们的那种严酷的地方，四堵墙是条石砌的，顶上也是条石架的，地上铺了石板，放一张布榻，有一个用铁条拦住的透风洞，一道钉上铁皮的门，这种地方叫做囚牢，但是有人认为囚牢太可怕了。

The investigation shows that the local authorities only implement, but rarely make policies in the policy system; county being the main body only means the loan economy with the transfer payment lacking the amount; the system of separation between fiscal right and affairs right makes it difficult for people to find out who should be responsible for the educational funds which is contradictable to what is stated on the document.

调查发现，在政策规制中地方政府只有执行而很少决策，"以县为主"只是借贷经济而已，转移支付并没有定数，而"财权事权分离"的制度使公众寻找不到教育经费的责任人，这与纸面上说得通的文件是不一样的；然而地方真实的行政系统却充满了积极的精神，正是"政策变异"的作法维持了穷国办大教育的奇迹，但其中也埋伏着失却法理程序的潜在危险。

The results indicates that the protectors include central government, local government and fanner.

研究结果表明，我国耕地资源保障主体主要包括中央政府、地方政府和农民，在耕地资源数量安全保障方面，但中央政府的保障积极性仍最高，地方政府和农民均消极应对；各保障主体的权利、义务及其行为约束制度有助于规范我国耕地资源安全保障主体的行为。

This paper explain transition in region economic development pattern in term of horizontal competition among local governments.we argue that fiscal decentralization from central to local government give rise to profit-seeking behavior of government .

本文尝试从地方政府横向之间竞争的角度来解释区域经济发展模式转轨的过程。基本思路是这样的：由于各级政府广泛存在的财政分权制度，导致了逐利性政府的形成，由于资源的稀缺性，地方政府之间会产生激烈的竞争。

Difference target leads to difference decision element. The decision element of the state include ecology and poverty, the decision element of region government include achievement, system or policy, and money, the decision element for migrator include personality, distance, infrastructure, culture and migratory cost.

不同的目标导致决策因素的不同，认为生态和缓贫是国家生态移民决策的主要因素；认为政绩、制度、资金因素是地方政府决策的主要因素；个体、迁移距离、迁入地基础设施、社区文化、迁移者的成本效益是影响迁移者决策的主要因素，并以此构建国家、地方政府和迁移个人的决策模型。

More untraded interdependence with foreign enterprises can facilitate SOEs to learn and adopt effective organizational structure and help them to improve productive efficiency.

具体而言：①与地方经济有着较多的生产和市场联系的国有企业，受区域外部经济效应的影响，其生产效率越高；②地方劳动力市场的多元化程度有利于国有企业采取灵活的薪酬制度和劳动力管理措施来提高生产效率；③与外资企业的非贸易联系可以方便国有企业学习和采纳行之有效的组织行为和管治结构，并促进其生产效率的提高。

And while this state of enmity lasted, exogamous tribes never could get wives except by theft or force.If it can be shown, firstly, that exogamous tribes exist, or have existed ; and secondly, that in rude times the relations of separate tribes are uniformly, or almost uniformly, hostile, we have found a set of circumstances in which men could get wives only by capturing them — a social condition in which capture would be the necessary preliminary to marriage .

那么在一个合理数目的经良好鉴别的案例中，如果这些条件——异族结婚为部落法律，并且敌对是分离的各部落相互对待的主流关系——被证明如可预期的，伴随着一种猎妻制度，而存在或曾经存在，我们将有理由推断——没有出现不符合这种解释的现象——在劫掠体制流行的地方，或者劫略形式作为一种结婚礼仪被尊奉的地方，这些共同的条件存在于每一个案例之中。

In order to organize popular will organ and generate civil servant,under the name of democracy and republicanism,Beijing Government and local administration published many law documents,and as a resuit,the electoral system was formed elementarily from the central to the local .

在民主、共和的名义下，为组织各级民意机关，产生公职人员，北京政府以及地方政府颁布了大量的法律文件，初步确立了从中央到地方机关的选举制度。

At minority autonomous area as an undividable part of China, to carry out the administration according to law is not only a necessary demand for minority autonomous area to realize exceeding development, but also a demand for efficiently performing the system of autonomy at minority area and guaranteeing the equal rights of minorities.

民族自治地方作为我国不可分割的有机组成部分，实行依法行政既是民族自治地方实现跨越式发展的必然要求，也是有效执行民族区域自治制度，保障少数民族平等权利的要求。

This dissertation investigates the institutional changes of the bank and its predecessors, and explores the changes and the heritages of the banking institutions with aspects such as constitution and regulation, capital structure, organization, personnel administration,business and operation, and accounting, during the complicated evolution course that from the government bank, then to the government-privat joint banks including the Chekiang Bank, the Chekiang Bank of the Repulic of China and the Chekiang Industrial Bank, and finally to the private Chekiang Industrial Bank. The author expects it could illustrate the historical development of the Chekiang Industrial Bank and its predecessors entirely and deeply.

本文从制度的层面考察浙江实业银行及其前身的历史变迁，探究从官办的浙江官钱局，到官商合办的浙江银行、中华民国浙江银行、浙江地方实业银行，再到商办的浙江实业银行，在这段复杂的历史变迁过程中，银行制度在章程规则、资本结构、组织机构、人事、业务、会计等各个方面的变化和传承，以期较为全面而深入地揭示浙江实业银行及其前身的历史发展面貌。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。