地方制度

This article consists of three components: The first part is to define the concept of local colleges and universities, to expound their characteristic, status and role in the development of higher education and the future opportunities and challenges; The second part after specifically analyzing the facing problems of increasing college graduates from local universities, points out that the inefficiency of the government, the inaptitude of the higher education system, the misunderstanding of enterprise employers and the outdated concepts of the graduates etc are the main factors cause the current grim employment situation for graduates; The third part introduces some successful experiences from the developed countries on their employment aspects including policies, systems and experiences and gives suggestions and solutions to the grim employment situation for graduates, considering government, colleges, employers, graduates.

本文由三个部分组成：第一部分，对地方高校的概念进行界定，并阐明其特点、在高等教育发展中的地位与作用及面临的机遇和挑战；第二部分，具体分析了扩招后地方高校毕业生就业面临的问题，指出政府的相关职能不到位、现行高等教育体制的"不适应"、企事业单位用人误区和毕业生就业观念陈旧等是造成当前毕业生就业难的原因；第三部分，介绍发达国家在促进大学生就业方面的政策、制度和经验，借鉴国外成功经验，从政府、高校、用人单位、大学生几个方面提出了解决地方高校大学毕业生就业难的若干对策和建议。

The present thesis,from three perspectives inclusive of the debt risk index,the cash flowing volume of local governments,the continuity of debt,respectively made an analysis and evaluation of the risk situation of the debt of local governments in China,and put forward suggestions of strengthening the control of the debt risk of local governments.

因此，研究地方政府债务风险的评价并配合相应的制度改革与创新，不仅对防范和化解地方财政风险，保持地方经济的可持续发展具有现实意义，而且对降低国家财政风险，保持宏观经济稳健运行具有重要作用。

To achieve these goals, the following actions must be taken.First,the vertical and horizontal connection of city planning must be strengthened;balance be made between market system and local governments in allocating materials;cooperating systems between city governments be intensified;in order to guarantee the balance between internal structures of urban systems.Second,the stability of agricultural production and provisionment must be guaranteed;rural integration be accelerated;system of land transfer be reformed;rural citizens be given equal status in participating urban development and sharing the fruit of urban development;in order to guarantee the balance between rural and urban development.Third,supervision of upper governments must be strengthened;the "personal rationality" of local governments(the choice of short-term benefits for local area) be restrained and local governments be stimulated to bring into play "collective rationality"; scientific development patterns in active improvement of urban quality and steady enlargement of urban size be insisted;in order to guarantee the balance between urban and economic development,and the balance between improvement of urban quality and enlargement of urban size.Last but not the least,considering the crucial status of urban social development in deciding the socialist direction of urbanization of our country,it\'s essential that social development be made a political responsibility of local governments in order to guarantee the balance between the social and economic development of cities.

为此，应当加强城市规划的纵向与横向衔接，平衡市场机制与地方政府这两只手的资源配置功能，强化地方政府问的合作机制，确保城市体系内在结构的均衡；保证农业生产稳定与粮食供应，加快农村整合，改革土地流转制度，确立农民参与城镇发展的平等地位，合理分享城镇发展成果，实施拖腿扩门并举战略，确保农村发展与城镇发展的均衡；加强上级政府监管，抑制各级地方政府的&个人理性&，促使其更多地发挥出&集体理性&，坚持积极提升城市质量、稳妥扩张城市规模的科学发展模式，确保城市发展与经济发展、城市质量提升与规模扩张的均衡；城市社会发展事关我国城镇化的社会主义方向，要把社会发展作为地方政府无可旁贷的政治责任，才能确保城市社会发展与经济发展的均衡。

Initial Purposes and Significance of ResearchSince our country carried on the regionalistic reform, the competition between governments (including the competition between central government and local government and the competition between local governments ) has already become the irrefutable fact.

摘要一、论文研究的动因我国进行分权改革以来，地方政府相对于中央政府的独立利益得到承认和章显。地方政府出于自身利益考虑而进行的制度创新一方面促进了经济转型的进程，另一方面导致诸如地方保护主义、地方越权减免税等混乱局面，虽然中央也曾明令禁止，但由于没有找到治乱根源，而是对各种非规范行为进行直接的行政禁止，收效欠佳。

Basing on the commentating on these articles both of the Contract Law together with its statutory construction and Civil Law of PRC together with its statutory construction which are the main proportions of the legal system, the paper gives out the configuration of the legal system, and focuses on the imperfect part of the system such as the time limit of the indefinitely-effected contract, the right of contract to alter, the right of contract to rescind etc..

本文通过对于参与构建这一法律制度体系的《合同法》及其司法解释、《民法通则》及其司法解释中相关条款的解析，较为全面地阐述了该体系的总体架构，并在此基础上着重论述了其中一些尚有待完善的地方，包括：效力未定合同制度中撤销权设置的合理性、催告对象的确定、设立效力未定期限的必要性以及可变更撤销合同制度中重大误解的界定、选择变更权的缺陷、更合理地设置除斥期间等。

Basing on the commentating on these articles both of the Contract Law together with its statutory construction and Civil Law of PRC together with its statutory construction which are the main proportions of the legal system, the paper gives out the configuration of the legal system, and focuses on the imperfect part of the system such as the time limit of the indefinitely-effected contract, the right of contract to alter, the right of contract to rescind etc..

本文议决搪塞加入构建这一执法制度体系的《条约法》及其执法评释、《民法通则》及其执法评释中相干条款的剖析，较为全面地叙述了该体系的总体架构，并在此基础上偏重叙述了其中一些尚有待完满的地方，包罗：效力未定条约制度中取消权设置的公正性、催告工具简直定、设立效力未定限期的须要性以及可变更取消条约制度中庞大误解的界定、选择变更权的缺陷、更公正地设置除斥时期等。

The backwardness of government system in these areas results in fettering the economic development. Thus in the process of developing the west and all-round well-off society, we have to be guided by reformed concepts and break through by improve the government functions. One of crucial targets in present economic schedules of local governments is to improve the investment and management environment in order to build a favorable market system which also is an important task of political civilization construction. This target will be arrived at by quickening the transformation of governmental functions through innovative institutions and focusing on improving the local governmental abilities through enhancing the ability of legal governance.

西部民族地方政府体制落后是制约经济发展的关键，因此，我们在实施西部大开发战略，全面建设小康社会的进程中，必须以转变观念为先导，把转变政府职能作为突破口，通过制度创新加快西部地区政府职能的转化，提高西部地方政府依法行政的能力等方式来提升民族自治地方政府能力为重点，改善西部民族自治地方的投资环境和经营环境，营造一个良好的市场机制，是当前西部民族地区地方政府经济工作中的一项重要任务，也是西部民族地区政治文明建设的一项重要任务。

This thesis mainly explored the internal logic and mechanism of the de-powering process. Specifically, the present research has analyzed four types of institutional interlinks, which are found in the operating process, including delegitimation, increase of the cost of safeguarding rights, the alternative usage of institutions and the weakening of social support.

本文主要对剥权过程的内在逻辑和机制进行了深入探讨，分析了资本和地方权力体系在制度运作实践中形成的去合法性、增大维权成本、对制度的选择性利用和弱化社会支持四种制度连接机制。

To therealization systems of macroeconomic regulation execution legal liability,if the legal liability body is administration and social mesosphere body,we can use actual administrative action procedure or establish neweconomic legal litigation procedure, and if the legal liability body is locallegislation body, we can use actual relative laws and systems to realize.

对宏观调控执行法律责任的实现机制，如果法律责任的主体为行政主体和社会中间层主体，则可以参照现成的行政复议制度建立宏观调控执行法律责任复议制度，也可以利用现行的行政诉讼程序或建立新的经济法诉讼程序；如果法律责任的主体为地方权力机关，则可以按照我国现行有关法律和制度的规定加以解决。

This dissertation analyzes on the degree which the property rights circumstance, the relationship of principal-agent between the central government and local governments, and the quasi-federal contest among local governments. On the view of the internal relationship in the precinct, the vertical relationship between the central and local governments, and the horizontal contest among the local governments, the author put the distortion of the local governments' economic behaviors into the triune integrated analysis with the gradualism of the China's reformation.

本文围绕我国经济转型期的产权制度环境、中央与地方政府间委托——代理关系以及地方政府间&准联邦式&竞争关系这三条分析线索，从辖区内部的公共选择关系、纵向的中央与地方政府间关系、横向的地方政府间关系三个视角，来分析转型期我国地方政府经济行为的扭曲问题。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。