地方制度

It can be seen from this that current system normalizing government behavior is a kind of system with nonequilibrium obviously, and its main embodiment as follows: the system supplies is deficient, the system supplies is superfluous and the functioning mechanism of the system is distempered.

在规范地方政府行为的制度变迁中，制度变迁的主体主要涉及三个方面的力量：中央政府、地方政府和社会大众。

The innovations of the thesis are as follows: i Initiate a new angle to analyze local government competition, and discuss the effect of 'horizontal' competition based on external system environment.

选题和研究角度比较独特，笔者从地方政府面临的外部制度环境和群体关系来考察我国制度转型中地方政府的作用。2。

Local self-government was a kind of regional administrative system set up by the rising capitalists who opposed monarchism and wanted to share the political rights.

地方自治是新兴资产阶级为反对封建专制制度、参与政权而倡立的一种地方管理制度。

To deal with various risks in the production of space,local governments have to cease the monopolization in land requisition and expropriation,and establish the balance of interests between correlative groups and national institutions in the circulation of lands.To deal with risks in the games of new society,local governments must adjust the systems and policies concerned,and avoid just scratching the surface of a problem.To deal with risks in reallocation of social resources and social administration concerned with policy output,many local governments already have material condition to effectively break them,and the key is to improve their administerial skills in policy making and implementation.To deal with risks in vicious competition between city governments in urbanization,which are actually the manifest of malfunction of market mechanism,local governments must put the centralization mechanism into full play,and strengthen the social check and balance mechanism,in order to effectively regulate market mechanism and realize the organic interactions between social units,democracy,and market.

要破解地方政府在空间生产中风险重重的局面，必须改变政府在土地征用征收上的独裁专断格局，完善土地流转中各个相关利益群体间的权利均衡以及国家机构间的权力均衡机制；地方政府在新型社会博弈中的风险，也需要相关制度与政策的调整，不能停留在治标不治本的层次；在社会资源再分配与社会管制等政策输出方面的风险，许多地方政府已经具备了有效化解的物质条件，主观上提高政策制定与执行的行政技能是解决此类问题的关键；我国城市政府在发展地方经济推进地方城镇化中的恶性竞争风险，本质上是市场机制失灵的一种表现，必须通过充分运用集权机制、强化社会制约机制从而有效规制市场机制，实现科层、民主、市场三种机制的良性对接，政府、社会、企业三种力量的有机互动，才能解决。

In the fourth part, the adverse influence of the remaining system on the local society is anatomized .

第四部分分析了这种存留制度对地方社会长远发展造成的不利影响：首先是地方吏治腐败，官吏为弥补公私两用，贪污贿赂公行；其次是地方政府职能趋于萎缩，因为财政拮据，政府在治理和发展地方上无所作为；再次是地方公共服务事业因为极度缺乏资金而无法开展，这些因素最终不利于地方社会经济的整体发展和全面改善。

The backwardness of government system in these areas results in fettering the economic development.

西部民族地方政府体制落后是制约经济发展的关键，因此，我们在实施西部大开发战略，全面建设小康社会的进程中，必须以转变观念为先导，把转变政府职能作为突破口，通过制度创新加快西部地区政府职能的转化，提高西部地方政府依法行政的能力等方式来提升民族自治地方政府能力为重点，改善西部民族自治地方的投资环境和经营环境，营造一个良好的市场机制，是当前西部民族地区地方政府经济工作中的一项重要任务，也是西部民族地区政治文明建设的一项重要任务。

In order to manage the affairs under the county level, the system of administrative super vising commissioner was commonly adopted in every Anti-Japanese base area.This system invoked directly the same one of KMT, administrating the affairs at different local levels.

行政督察专员制度是各抗日根据地民主政权普遍实行的督察、管理县级及其以下政权的层级政府制度，它直接援引国民党地方行政层级中的专员制度，间接起源于土地革命战争时期介于省、县苏维埃政权之间的特区苏维埃政府制度。

In addition, they are sharing the external profit, the central government\'s institution supply and the local government\'s innovation formered thesupplierers of agricultural land, the demanders of the agricultural land, the central and local governments to a win-win situation.

此外，在共享外部利润的情况下，中央政府的制度供给和地方政府的制度创新形成了农地供给者、农地需求者、中央政府和地方政府等的共赢。

All 3 panaceas – government, private, or community control -- work in some settings and fail in others -- depend on the match of the specific institutional arrangement and problem specifics as well as how implemented

这三个万能药——政府、私人或社区控制——在有些地方成功而有些地方失败，这取决于特定的制度安排和特定问题是否匹配以及如何实施这些制度

To build a well-operated, canonical and competitive enterprise system, first of all, we should build a rationalized and modern personnel managing system. Building a team of specialized persons who have well-knit theories, abundant professional experiences and consummate techniques is of great importance,and the kernel of the human activities lies on the construct of motivation mechanism for professional talented people. X Company is a large-scale state enterprise which is subjected to China National Petroleum Corporation.Due to the impact of traditional personnel system; there are still some imperfections which need to be perfected. So it is significant to investigate the construction of motivation mechanism for the building of specialized working team of X Company.

建设运转协调、行为规范、竞争力强、专业化的现代企业制度，首先要建立合理化、现代化的人事管理制度，打造一支理论基础扎实、专业经验丰富、专业技术精湛的专业技术人才队伍，所有这些人事活动的核心在于专业技术人才激励制度的建设。X公司是隶属于中国石油天然气集团公司的大型国有管道建设企业，由于受传统人事制度的影响，在专业技术人才激励机制的建设中还存在很多需要健全和完善地方，因此，对X公司专业技术人才激励机制建设进行研究有着重大的现实意义。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。