地形线

Discarded soil field is a common damaging appurtenant project outside the route in highway construction in mountainous areas,the destructive effect of which on environment has been validated by years of highway construction. The design of discarded soil field should consider the natural,geographic,geological and social condition such as climate,landform,hydrology,hydrographic geology,engineering geology and so on.

弃土场是山区公路建设中经常出现的具有破坏性的线外附属工程，它对环境的破坏在多年的公路建设中已经得到了验证，故弃土场的设计应全面综合地考虑场区的气候、地形、水文、水文地质和工程地质等自然、地理、地质和社会条件。

As Tibetan Plateau is affected by tectonic activity and climate, many geomorphologic units emerge, such as rugged summits which are formed by obduction, extensive basins with high altitude and low relief, as well as basin-range system made up of linear range and intermountain basin.

青藏高原受不同体制的构造作用控制及气候影响，既发育由逆冲推覆作用形成的高峻山峰，也发育地形起伏小、海拔高度大的宽阔的盆地高原，还发育特征的由线状山脉与山间盆地组成的盆山系统。

At first this paper introduces a new method which is named as the concentric circles cutting method of drawing terrain characteristic line on the basis of contour vector data, and has made the program design and realized to this method.

本文首先介绍了一种基于等高线矢量数据提取地形特征线的新方法——同心圆剖切法，并对该方法进行了程序设计与实现。

For instance,(1) mountain terrain map: displaying the terrain and topography, is 3D emulation of earth's surface, is convenient for customer to look into the physiognomy, and check the data of input;(2) contradistinguish map of mine well: displaying opposite position relation of the earths surface and workface, user can analysis surface movement and distortion value at every positions of the workface with the map;(3) 3D prediction model: displaying workface, survey dots, survey lines, terrain, movement and distortion in a same map with 3D graphics, revealing the relations of every elements' position;(4) isoline graphics: displaying the value of height, subsidence, incline, movement and distortion with different colors, and giving the value of every color at the side of the map;(5) color cloud diagram: revealing every targets with colors, coloring every point in the map with the color corresponding the value of height, subsidence, incline, movement and distortion and form transitional color in color cloud diagram.

通过井上下对照图，用户可以分析工作面的各个位置的地表移动变形值；（3）三维的预计模型：采用3D形式同时显示工作面、测线、测点、地表地形、地表移动及变形，显示了各要素的空间相对关系；（4）等值线：对地表高程、下沉、倾斜、曲率变形、水平移动和水平变形等各个分量以等值线方式显示。

A mesoscale convergence line, which is formed by downslope wind from the Taihang Mts. Converging with southwest warm humid wind in front of a surface trough, induces the release of the CAPE and initiates convection and organizes the convective cells into a squall line.

由于太行山地形影响而产生的下坡风与地面低压槽前的西南暖湿气流相汇合，形成中尺度辐合线，触发了不稳定能量的释放，产生对流并由中尺度辐合线组成飑线。

Rainfalls flow along the hypsography of the earth's surface,and valley elements such as the valley lines,catchment areas and naturally.

降雨在地表上随地形流动自然形成沟谷线、汇流区、分水岭等流域形态，研究地表流水线的数字模拟对数字流域水文分析具有重要意义。

It is a method for the estimate of the surface wind using the observed wind in the nearest standard isobaric surface above the top of the planetary boundary layer under the actual topographic conditions.

文中提出了一种在实际地形条件下，利用行星边界层顶上方最邻近标准等压面的实测风推算地面风的方法——修正的Taylor螺线法。

Green Railway Alignment Selection,means that solution is obtained to avoid all the environment sensitivity problem at the layout and design stage of railroading item and in the process of railway route selection,nature condition such as landform、geology、hydrology and so on,especially influence of landscape、nature protection area and entironment on railway scheme must be considered.

铁路绿色选线，是指将各种环境敏感问题的规避解决在铁路建设项目规划设计阶段，也就是在铁路选线中融入环保理念，在线路方案比选中综合考虑地形、地质、水文等自然条件，特别要考虑风景名胜区、自然保护区及生态环境因素对线路方案的约束，多方案进行环境影响的综合评价，选择出对环境影响最小的方案。

Coastal map is a thematic map which record and describe spatial geography information and correlation of the narrow and long land terrain features of coast belt and marine element of shallow sea, surveying and maping by photogrammertry technique above instantaneous water line, marine elements information are required by detecting of bottom characteristics and bathymetric survey technique below nstantaneous water line.

海岸带图是记录和描述海岸地带狭长陆地地形要素和浅海海部要素空间地理信息及其相互关系的专题地图。瞬时水位线以上采用摄影测量方法测绘，瞬时水位线以下采取水深测量和底质探测方法获取海部要素信息。

Therefore, the 'generalized velocity unit' was introduced on the assumption that the surface velocity in the direction perpendicular to the line is a steady velocity frame with the topographic relief. The 3-D tomostatics velocity inversion was improved to suit the crooked wide line geometry.

为此，在假设垂直测线方向上表层速度是随地形起伏的稳定速度结构的情况下，引入&广义速度单元&概念，对三维层析静校正速度反演过程加以改进，使其适合宽、弯线资料观测系统。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。