地形线

Significant improvements to the TOPMODEL were made on the distributed computation of runoff yield in the mesh scale which is equivalent to that of DEM in one hand,and an isochrones hydrograph was calibrated from rainfallrunoff observations for watershed convergence simulations on the other hand.These improvements were made to enhance the simulation ability of the TOPMODEL,meanwhile to extend the model′s adoptability in rainfallrunoff simulations to middle and large scale watersheds.

考虑到流域地形、下垫面条件及流域气象条件的空间差异性，将TOPMODEL的产流计算细化到每个栅格，以改进模型的分布式计算，并在考虑地形坡度影响的情况下，根据降水-径流资料优选出的参数率定等流时线、利用率定的等流时线进行流域的汇流计算，以提升TOPMODEL在中、大尺度流域模拟演算的能力。

The system can receive and pretreat the discrete data of TXT format, realize different pattern three-dimensional visualization of line, different color and texture, etc. and has the functions of real time dynamical browse, three-dimensional coordinates query, grid data and three-dimensional figure export etc.It has too the functions of three-dimensiona contrastive figure drawing and contrastive data export of alterant riverbed terrain.

该系统能够接受TXT格式的离散数据并进行预处理，实现线框、不同设色、光照、纹理映射等不同模式的三维河床地形可视化，具有实时动态浏览、三维坐标查询、网格数据及三维图形输出等功能；同时，还具有河床地形冲淤变化前后叠加三维对比效果图的绘制以及对比数据的输出等功能。

Therefore, the 'generalized velocity unit' was introduced on the assumption that the surface velocity in the direction perpendicular to the line is a steady velocity frame with the topographic relief. The 3-D tomostatics velocity inversion was improved to suit the crooked wide line geometry.

为此，在假设垂直测线方向上表层速度是随地形起伏的稳定速度结构的情况下，引入"广义速度单元"概念，对三维层析静校正速度反演过程加以改进，使其适合宽、弯线资料观测系统。

Earthworks zero line is determined by constructing the spatial gridding curved surface model of the original terrain and the field leveling design terrain by digital elevation mode. The DEM data of original terrain are obtained by actual measurement. The mathematical correlation is deducted to demonstrate the relationship between the coordinates of any point on spatial line and the direction cosine by the spatial linear equation. DEM data obtaining program is compiled by Fortran9.0 and it is applied automatically to obtain the DEM data of field leveling design terrain.

目的 利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model， DEM)构造原始地形和场平设计地形的空间网格曲面模型，确定土方工程中的零线方法通过实测提取原始地形DEM数据；依据空间直线方程，推导空间线段土任意点的坐标与方向余弦的数学关系式，采用Fortran90程序设计语言编写DEM数据提取程序，自动提取场平设计地形DEM数据；应用Surfers8.0和MapInfo软件构造规则的网格空间曲面模型并导出网格节，点数据；擦除场平设计范围外数据。

Compared with traditional DEM or TIN based methods, this pure vector approach obtains not only the topological structure of drainage system in planar graph, but also the valley distribution polygon range. Depending on geometrical computation and judgment of vector line, polygon, the structured properties in drainage representation is enhanced, avoiding the case of noise disturbance in DEM based method. The core algorithm makes use of the ability of Delaunay triangulation in detecting hierarchical structure of each contour line.

中文摘要：基于Delaunay三角网模型在矢量等高线基础上通过弯曲特征分析，给出了一种地形结构特征提取及谷地树组织的方法，与传统的基于DEM或TIN数据结构提取地形特征的方法相比，该方法不仅得到了谷地系统在平面图上的拓扑结构，还获得了河谷在空间分布上的汇水范围，依托矢量线、多边形的几何关系判断，增强了谷地树组织中的结构化，避免了DEM方法中的噪音干扰，方法的核心是Delaunay三角网在单根等高线弯曲深度表达上的层次结构识别。

The result shows that the severe convection weather arise in the transition from verticality to forward slant of the upper trough, so there was a different advection between the mid- and lower- troposphere, which was quite important to the formation and development of convective instability. The event was triggered by the surface low and meso-scale convergence line, and the squall line was direct influencing system.

结果表明：这次强对流天气过程发生在高空槽由垂直结构向前倾结构转变的过程中，中高层干冷平流、低层暖湿平流的大气层结增强了对流不稳定的发展，飑线是此次强对流天气的直接影响系统；太行山地形和平原南部的中尺度辐合线，对飑线系统的触发、组织、移动具有重要作用，强对流区发生在地面中尺度辐合线南侧的偏南气流里。

Based on survey of existing methods, in this dissertation: aimed to the reliability of stereo image matching in digital photogrammetric, a new matching strategy utilized local continuity constraints encoded by triangulation of the well-defined points is proposed; concerned with the inherent efficient, accuracy and size constraint problems of existing topographic structure extraction approach, an efficient, accurate and large scale data adapted approach based on the combination of vector and raster processes are proposed.

在对国内外这方面工作进行总结分析的基础上，针对数字摄影测量立体像对影像匹配的可靠性问题，首次提出了基于良好匹配点三角形约束下影像匹配传播方法；为了解决以往基于邻域操作的地形结构线提取算法效率低下、结果准确性差和处理数据规模限制等问题，提出了适用于大规模规则格网DEM数据的基于矢量、栅格操作相结合的地形结构线快速提取算法。

The strong sandstorm was caused by squall line activity of eastern Hexi Corridor in Apr. to Jun. that was cold front, majority is in May, four times strong sandstorm is accompanied by the squall line in seven times. It was explained that the squall line was suggested easily when the strong cold front moved east to Hexi Corridor where special canyon tube terrain was in, the strong sandstorm which was created by squall line activity have very strong paroxysm that often created serious disaster.

河西走廊东部的飑线活动造成的强沙尘暴出现在4~6月，均为冷锋型，其中5月居多，出现的7次强沙尘暴中有4次伴有飑线，说明5月份强冷锋东移经河西走廊特殊峡管地形时易诱发飑线，飑线活动造成的强沙尘暴爆发性强，往往造成严重灾情。

Aspect, rather than spatial scale, had the largest impact on undercanopy light. In forests with rough topography, utilizing transects that run from the ridge to the valley is more likely to adequately characterize spatial heterogeneity than plots or a few longer transects.

在福山试验林，坡向较空间尺度对林下光照有更大的影响，因此在地形起伏剧烈如福山试验林的地区，利用多条由稜线延伸至溪谷的样线，比少数几条绵延甚长的样线或样区更能充分涵盖空间的异质性。

The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is tested by using some test data with different characteristics of topography. The algorithm is proved to be effective and practicable in most test cases, but in some cases some ground points in the rough terrain may be over-filtered.

经由实际资料测试，本演算法对多数地形状况能有效滤除非地面点，获得良好的过滤结果，唯在地形断线处以及地形突然隆起或是下陷处，可能会将地面点过度滤除。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。