地形的

Basing on the Graf′s addition theorem, two expessions, interior and exterior expression, are deduced and the suitable problems for them are discussed. It has been found that the interior expression is the main point for sovling the scattering problem of circular inclusion in half-space. It also has been found that the exterior expression is the key for the scattering problem of circular arc canyon and circular arc alluvial valley, and is one of the main points for scattering problem of circular arc hill as well.

从Graf原有加法公式出发，本文给出了其内域型和外域型两种表达形式并讨论了这两种表达的适用范围，同时指出：内域型表达是求解半空间内含夹塞区出平面散射问题的要点，而外域型表达是解决任意圆弧型凹陷地形和任意圆弧型沉积盆地出平面散射问题中求解难点的关键，同时也是克服任意圆弧型凸起地形出平面散射问题求解困难的要点之一。

The system can receive and pretreat the discrete data of TXT format, realize different pattern three-dimensional visualization of line, different color and texture, etc. and has the functions of real time dynamical browse, three-dimensional coordinates query, grid data and three-dimensional figure export etc.It has too the functions of three-dimensiona contrastive figure drawing and contrastive data export of alterant riverbed terrain.

该系统能够接受TXT格式的离散数据并进行预处理，实现线框、不同设色、光照、纹理映射等不同模式的三维河床地形可视化，具有实时动态浏览、三维坐标查询、网格数据及三维图形输出等功能；同时，还具有河床地形冲淤变化前后叠加三维对比效果图的绘制以及对比数据的输出等功能。

Glacial sediment deposits called moraine material, accumulation of terrain that moraine topography, such as end moraines, lateral moraines, drumlin, etc.; outwash refers to the ice-melt water as the main camp force, after re-moving that occur after the deposition, the sediment that deposits of ice water, chilled water, both Moraine sediment characteristics, there are certain characteristics of alluvial material.

冰川沉积的堆积物称冰碛物，堆积地形称冰碛地形，如终碛堤、侧碛堤、鼓丘等；冰水沉积是指以冰融水为主要营力，经过再搬运后而发生的沉积，其沉积物称冰水沉积物，冰水沉积物既有冰碛物的特点，又有冲积物的某些特点。

Analysis and comparison of the model results show that the introducing of gravity wave drag to the model can improve the model performance to some extent and result in more realistic simulation, and the effect of envelope orography on regional climate simulation is less significant than that of gravity wave drag.

通过试验结果的对比分析发现，在模式中引入地形重力波拖曳作用可在一定程度上改善模式对气候系统和要素的模拟效果，使模拟结果更符合气候实况。包络地形对模拟结果也有一定的改善，但对于细网格的区域气候模式来说，其效果不如重力波拖曳明显。

The fruits of research in the thesis as follow:(1) The principle of variation of earth pressures on the culverts beneath the high fills are investigated in the thesis.

论文通过模型试验和数值模拟计算，研究了狭窄沟谷地形、宽坦沟谷地形、岸坡设涵和坡脚设涵四种边界条件下的高填方涵洞土压力随填土高度变化的规律，研究结果表明，在各种边界条件下，高填方涵洞涵顶土压力变化规律相似，当填土达到一定高度后，仍有部分土压力传递到涵顶上，使高填方涵洞的土压力不随填土高度成线性增加，土压力呈非线性变化，高填方涵洞的土压力明显低于理论土压力σ=γH计算值。

Sand map for military purpose is established to redisplay actual terrain according to paper map, it is a micro-model for 3D-terrain which can present battlefield situation all moments. Contrast to practicality model, visualization of 3D-terrain becomes an emphasis and difficulty in the field of GIS and military simulation.

军事用途的沙盘模型是根据地图信息，以实物模型来还原实际地形地貌，显示各个阶段战场态势的微缩三维地形模型，数字地图三维可视化是GIS和军事仿真领域的一个重要的研究课题。

Three typical terrains are simulated using wave superpose method based on the work of full exploration of terrain model and its realization Effect of wavelet number on simulation result is studied, the results indicate that satisfactory results can be obtained by selection of a certain wavelet number.

在充分探讨了地形模型和随机过程实现的基础上，采用波叠加法仿真了3种典型地形。研究了子波数对仿真结果的影响，说明选取一定数目的子波即可得到满意的结果。

The results showed that slope form was the most important factor which influenced diameter, height and trunk's basic volume weight of Alnus cremastogyne from plantation and the slope with less than 45 degree influenced the diameter and height insignificantly.

结果表明，影响桤木人工林胸径和树干公定容重的首要地形因子是坡形，其次是坡向，再者是坡位，而小于45°的坡度影响不显著；影响桤木人工林树高的首要地形因子是坡形，其次是坡位，再者是坡向，小于45°的坡度影响同样不显著。

Based on the theory of the conservation law of mass, the Darcy law and the conservation law of energy, the author designed a procedure using finite element method to calculate velocity field and temperature field of the Youjiang basin during the Yanshan period.

1以物质守恒定律、达西定律和能量守恒定律为理论依据，采用有限元数值计算方法，设计编制了计算地形驱动的流体流动和热传输的计算机程序，用来计算右江盆地燕山期地形驱动流体系统的速度场和温度场。

On the basis of actual difference between longitude and latitude,the nine basic-scale topographic map numberings are calculated by formulas in the paper, and then the traditional graphical method continued from the past in survey teaching would be replaced by the formula method.

按经纬差划分为：l：100万、1：50万、1，20万、1，10万、1：6万、l：2.5万、1：1万、l；5千、1：2干等9种规格。多年来，在《地形测量规范》，《测量学》、《地形测量学》等测量书籍中，一直没有完整统一的公式计算图幅编号，码沿袭传统的几何作图法，逐级推算求得。给教学、生产、地图管理和应用等方面带来不便，不能适应计算技术发展的需要。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷