地形

Basing on the Graf′s addition theorem, two expessions, interior and exterior expression, are deduced and the suitable problems for them are discussed. It has been found that the interior expression is the main point for sovling the scattering problem of circular inclusion in half-space. It also has been found that the exterior expression is the key for the scattering problem of circular arc canyon and circular arc alluvial valley, and is one of the main points for scattering problem of circular arc hill as well.

从Graf原有加法公式出发，本文给出了其内域型和外域型两种表达形式并讨论了这两种表达的适用范围，同时指出：内域型表达是求解半空间内含夹塞区出平面散射问题的要点，而外域型表达是解决任意圆弧型凹陷地形和任意圆弧型沉积盆地出平面散射问题中求解难点的关键，同时也是克服任意圆弧型凸起地形出平面散射问题求解困难的要点之一。

Significant improvements to the TOPMODEL were made on the distributed computation of runoff yield in the mesh scale which is equivalent to that of DEM in one hand,and an isochrones hydrograph was calibrated from rainfallrunoff observations for watershed convergence simulations on the other hand.These improvements were made to enhance the simulation ability of the TOPMODEL,meanwhile to extend the model′s adoptability in rainfallrunoff simulations to middle and large scale watersheds.

考虑到流域地形、下垫面条件及流域气象条件的空间差异性，将TOPMODEL的产流计算细化到每个栅格，以改进模型的分布式计算，并在考虑地形坡度影响的情况下，根据降水-径流资料优选出的参数率定等流时线、利用率定的等流时线进行流域的汇流计算，以提升TOPMODEL在中、大尺度流域模拟演算的能力。

The system can receive and pretreat the discrete data of TXT format, realize different pattern three-dimensional visualization of line, different color and texture, etc. and has the functions of real time dynamical browse, three-dimensional coordinates query, grid data and three-dimensional figure export etc.It has too the functions of three-dimensiona contrastive figure drawing and contrastive data export of alterant riverbed terrain.

该系统能够接受TXT格式的离散数据并进行预处理，实现线框、不同设色、光照、纹理映射等不同模式的三维河床地形可视化，具有实时动态浏览、三维坐标查询、网格数据及三维图形输出等功能；同时，还具有河床地形冲淤变化前后叠加三维对比效果图的绘制以及对比数据的输出等功能。

The dead reckoning can carry out by setting up kinematics model of mining vehicle on different uneven terrain at different times, sensors such as compass and angular displacement sensors measure the dynamic parameters information, which makes the continuous real-time orientation come true.

用不同时刻、不同斜面复合三维地形的方法，建立非平坦地形上作业采矿车的航位推算模型，采用电子罗盘、角位移传感器等测量采矿车的动态参数，实现采矿车连续、实时定位。

The numerical experiments are also carried out on the forced action of the high terrain in the Tibetan Plateau etc. The distribution characteristics on the average trough and ridge of the terrain force are gained. The actions which the pure mechanical force forms quasi\|permanent planetary wave are studied.

另外， 还对青藏高原等大地形的纯机械强迫作了数值试验，得到了地形强迫平均槽脊的分布特征，给出了地形纯机械强迫造成的准定常行星波的图像。

The main contents and results of research in this paper are shown as following: It is important to built the motion model of a virtual system. As the virtual object is the submarine in this simulation system, we studied on the motion model of the submarine and gave the submarine six DOF space motion equation MultiGen-Paradigm corporation's modeling software named Creator is used, the modeling of all entities and 3D terrain in virtual ocean environment is accomplished. Then introduced the theory of Large Area Database Management and realized the Large area database management; In the course of 3D scene simulation, Vega is utilized to develop the project. The building of 3D scene is done, which includes the simulation of static and dynamic ocean surface, realization of ocean wave, simulation of bow wave and stern wake, utilization of lighting and material, simulation of cloud and fog, kinematics' modeling of submarine etc.

论文的主要研究工作和成果包括以下一些内容：建立虚拟对象的运动模型是构造一个虚拟系统的关键所在，建立的运动模型准确与否直接关系仿真对象模拟的逼真度，由于本仿真系统的虚拟对象是潜艇，所以对潜艇的运动模型进行了研究，给出潜艇空间六自由度运动方程；利用MultiGen-Paradigm公司的Creator建模软件完成虚拟海洋环境中个实体模型建模和三维海底地形模型的建模；然后介绍了大地形数据库管理(LADBM，Large Area Database Management)技术的基本原理，实现大地形数据库管理；在三维场景仿真中，使用Vega驱动软件进行软件开发，完成了三维场景空间的建立，主要包括动态和静态海洋的仿真、海浪、船首波浪和传尾尾迹的实现，灯光和材质的使用，云和雾的模拟等。

The terrain types in StarCraft II we have seen so far had names like "Bel'Shir".

这样命名是不是指丛林这种地形的别称就叫&拜舍尔&，仍是说每一种地形都是按照拥有该地形的星球名称而命名的？

The landform and water level of the peatland are influenced by rainfall and evorporation, and the landform is controlling the form of water level, and water level also restrict the change of the landform.

降雨量和蒸发量影响泥炭地地形和水位，并且泥炭地地形对其水位具有控制作用，同时水位对泥炭地地形变化也有制约作用。

This method can effectively reduce the numbers of artificial dams and local minima.The algorithm has been implemented in five different terrains,showing that the method can effectively reduce the numbers of the local minima.So,it is more realistic for generating terrains model with higher order Delaunay triangulations.

实验结果表明，高阶Delaunay三角网能够有效地减少地形中局部极小的数量，因此，采用高阶Delaunay三角网建立的地形模型更接近于实际地形。

Data format of DEM data is given, together with the method of effectively reading DEM data.

然而 ，在绘制地形时，对地形精度的要求和对地形绘制速度的要求往往是矛盾的。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。