地形

This paper studys the terrain following for low penetration aircraft ,and establishes the model of ALCM's clobber probability based on the Butterworth terrain model . It simulates much of the computation of its clobber probability under typical cruise conditions and analyzes those simulation results deeply. The control system is designed based on the lobber probability simulation result,and the reasonable control data are given.According to those research,the digital terrain following simulations are given .

文中研究飞行器低空突防的地形跟随问题，基于布特沃斯地形模型，建立了飞行器撞地概率仿真模型，在各典型巡航条件下进行了大量的撞地概率仿真计算，并对仿真结果进行了深入地统计分析和研究，在此基础上，设计了相应的控制系统并确定了合理的控制参数，对飞行器地形跟随进行了飞行仿真。

Because change of volume reflected eroding process of watershed and surface change reflected change of topography surface, this model described relationship between watershed topograph and erosion.iv As a quantitative index of wateshed topography, topograph fractal demension can represent surface shape information of watershed topography in the round. Reseach find that watershed model and actual watershed show good fractal character. Topography fractal dimension related with process of development of watershed physiognomy and represented degree of watershed development, v Sediment yield intensity of watershed model reflected erosion characteristic of watershed model in different development phase.

流域模型产沙强度的变化反映了流域模型在不同发育阶段的侵蚀特征，模拟试验研究结果表明：在整个流域模型地貌地貌的发育过程中，其产沙强度呈现由小到大，然后又逐渐减小的总体趋势，流域模型单位降雨产沙率及平均输沙率与地形分维数表现为Gaussian模型关系，其关系形式与结论3中相对体积和表面积之间关系相似，进一步说明了以地形分维数表达地形变化的合理性。

This paper introduced the concept of information entropy for analyzing the influence of DEM resolution on topographic characteristics(slope,upslope area per unit contour length and topographic index) calculation.

本文以褒河流域为例，引入信息熵的概念量化分析了 DEM分辨率对地形特征(坡度、单宽上坡集水面积和地形指数)计算的影响，发现随着 DEM分辨率的降低，计算得到的坡度值偏小，单宽上坡集水面积值偏大，从而导致地形指数计算值偏大。

If the tectonic uplift is not considered, the relief of Dabie orogen will reach at least 3km in Late-Cretaceous. As to the value of the relief reduction factor in Dabie orogen at 90Ma, the largest value appeared in northeast region, followed consecutively by the core and southeast Tanlu fault zone, with the smalleast value appeared in northwest and southwest region. The results reflect the strong uplift difference between core and North Huaiyang flank in Dabie orogen during doming extension period. Relief in the core region and southeast Tanlu fault zone is higher than those in the peripheral regions, northwest and southwest flanks are more stable than other regions.

如果不考虑构造抬升，大别造山带在晚白垩世地形起伏至少可达3km.90Ma时大别造山带地形起伏变化率在空间上呈现如下特征：东北区块最大，热窿核部其次，东南郯庐断裂区块再次，西北、西南区块最小，反映大别造山带热窿伸展期，核部与北淮阳翼之间强烈差异隆升，核部地形和东南郯庐断裂区块起伏高于周边地区，西北、西南两个翼部比其他地区稳定。

The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is tested by using some test data with different characteristics of topography. The algorithm is proved to be effective and practicable in most test cases, but in some cases some ground points in the rough terrain may be over-filtered.

经由实际资料测试，本演算法对多数地形状况能有效滤除非地面点，获得良好的过滤结果，唯在地形断线处以及地形突然隆起或是下陷处，可能会将地面点过度滤除。

It is generally thought that the dynamic subsidence is associated with supercontinental assembly and dispersal and subducting slabs.

动力地形一般认为具有两种成因，一种为与超大陆集聚和分散有关的动力地形，另一种为与大洋板片俯冲有关的动力地形。

In this paper, the fundamental theory and methods of terrain modeling, includeregular square grid and triangulated irregular netWork, is studied.

本文研究了基于等高线的地形模型建模的基本理论与方法，包括规则格网地形模型、不规则三角网地形模型的建模。

Soils of plateau land and gully bottom were characterized by the lower pH and catalase activity but higher cation exchange capacity.

不同地形条件下土壤pH值的变化由地形条件引起的土壤过程及硝态氮在土壤中的累积引起；阳离子交换量的变化由成土过程、pH值和有机质的差异引起；土壤有机质及氮、磷养分的差异由与地形条件对应的土地利用方式引起；土壤酶活性的差异则是有机质的差异引起的。

A new method was presented using satellite remote sensing data in the calculation of topography and flooding at littoral zone. Flooding lines were drawn from high resolution satellite remote sensing images at different tidal level, and the topography of littoral zone was calculated with these lines. Then, the littoral zone topography was applied in the calcuation of flooding, which was checked with the satellite remote sensing images.

提出了利用卫星遥感资料计算潮间带地形和漫滩的方法：选取一组不同潮位的卫星遥感图像，提取潮间带遥感淹水线，由遥感淹水线和数值模式结合推算潮间带地形，将推算的地形用于海水漫滩计算，并用遥感淹水线检验漫滩计算结果。

According to the function of distributed emulator, optical information processing and image multi-object tracking system, the following three aspects were emphasized in this dissertation. Firstly, a vast virtual terrain, ground radar models and canyons were created for the distributed emulator with modeling software Creator. The radars were driven to scan during emulating and the real time terrain code was sent to Radar module. Secondly, an optics channel simulating the optics camera of a virtual aircraft was implemented with simulating software Vega. The 2-D information got from the channel was translated and sent to multi-sensor information fusion system as an optics information source. Thirdly, the dissertation studied some motion estimation methods and analyzed the factors which influence the speed and the precision of the block matching algorithms. Then an improved block matching method was proposed for image multi-object tracking system and applied in the system combined with frame difference method.

论文根据多传感信息融合实验系统中的分布式飞行仿真系统、光学信号处理器和图像多目标跟踪系统三个子系统的功能要求，具体完成了以下三方面的工作：首先利用建模软件Creator创建分布式飞行仿真系统中的大面积地形、场景中的地面雷达模型和峡谷地形，并在仿真过程中实时驱动雷达模型的扫描，同时为后续雷达仿真模块提供实时地形编码；其次利用仿真软件Vega，在分布式仿真系统中为光学信号处理器设计实现了光学通道，模拟飞行器的光学摄像机的功能，并且对由此通道获得的目标二维光学信息进行转化处理，作为光学信息源发送给后续的多传感信息融合器；最后针对图像多目标跟踪系统，在研究图像分割运动估计算法的基础上，通过分析影响块匹配算法速度和精度的因素，改进了块匹配运动估计算法，结合差分法可应用到目标跟踪系统中。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。