地形

The fundament of flat terrain phase effect and its removal are stated. The interferogram consists, for each pixel, of the complex conjugate product of two SAS images directly, which cant reflect the actual terrain change. The general phase trend in range can be considered as the phase generated by an ideally flat terrain and is often subtracted from the interferogram before further processing.

论述了水平地形效应产生原理及其消除方法，由于水平地形效应的存在使得两幅SAS复图像直接复共轭相乘得到的相位图不能直观地反映出实际地形的拓扑变化，所以在对干涉相位图进行滤波及相位展开处理前应当消除干涉相位图像的水平地形效应。

Earthworks zero line is determined by constructing the spatial gridding curved surface model of the original terrain and the field leveling design terrain by digital elevation mode. The DEM data of original terrain are obtained by actual measurement. The mathematical correlation is deducted to demonstrate the relationship between the coordinates of any point on spatial line and the direction cosine by the spatial linear equation. DEM data obtaining program is compiled by Fortran9.0 and it is applied automatically to obtain the DEM data of field leveling design terrain.

目的 利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model， DEM)构造原始地形和场平设计地形的空间网格曲面模型，确定土方工程中的零线方法通过实测提取原始地形DEM数据；依据空间直线方程，推导空间线段土任意点的坐标与方向余弦的数学关系式，采用Fortran90程序设计语言编写DEM数据提取程序，自动提取场平设计地形DEM数据；应用Surfers8.0和MapInfo软件构造规则的网格空间曲面模型并导出网格节，点数据；擦除场平设计范围外数据。

It is found that for the mesoscale mountain of steep slope, the dynamical effect of orographic disturbance weakens cold front on the upwind side and strengthens cold front on the mountain top, the frontal intensity is decreased when front moves downslope rapidly.

另外发现锋面强度也是影响地形扰动与锋面相互作用的重要因素，当锋面比较强时，地形扰动与锋面会发生强的相互作用，在地形扰动对锋面产生影响的同时，锋面的过山会引起地形扰动的强烈变化。

Then, the fronts .of different intensities are superposed on the orographic disturbances and pushed by basic geostrophic flow to climb over the orography.

通过非静力模式讨论了两维地形扰动与锋面的相互作用，研究了不同基本气流，包括正压、斜压、层结强弱差异，不同尺度的地形，包括不同高度和不同宽度，强弱不同的锋面等多种情况下地形扰动与锋面扰动的相互影响，发现地形尺度和气流的性质不同带来的结果是有差异的，中尺度地形使冷锋在迎风坡锋消，在背风坡则是锋生和锋消相间的波状分布，表现为锋面在山顶附近锋生、快速下坡过程中锋消和山脚处锋生的分布特征，这与半地转模式中地形的动力作用使冷锋在背风侧单纯加强是不同的。

The primary bug of this algorithm is that it discards the relative position information of terrain data and the normalized processing.

因为地形熵算法丢掉了地形的相对位置信息及对地形数据做了归一化处理，使得其在地形跟随/地形回避中的应用存在着匹配误差容易发散的问题。

It is found that the mesoscale mountain has significant influence on the location and intensity of the heavy rain area, and the bell-mouthed area and the riverway area of Xichang are favorable to the occurrence and development of mesoscale disturbance and heavy rain.

例： 地形梯度分析表明，西昌地区所处的河谷地形和场区所处喇叭口小地形，有利于中小尺度气压扰动的发生、发展和暴雨的产生，当地形梯度减弱时，降水量相应减弱。

A technique of massive scale data management and attemperation based on viewpoint. This algorithm effectively changes massive scale terrain into large scale ones to handle. Utilising the continuity of the viewpoint movement and the relativity of fore-and-aft frames, it manages and attempers the terrain data leading to data decrease in a large range. This algorithm solves the problem of the rendering rate, and realizes a rapid real-time ramble in massive scale terrain scenes.

提出了一种基于视点的场景数据管理调度技术，有效地将海量地形转换为大规模地形进行处理，并利用视点运动的连续性和前后帧的相关性，管理调度地形数据，大幅度地降低了数据量，解决了绘制速度的问题，实现了海量地形场景的实时快速漫游。

It shows that the Taiwan topography influence on the movement and the central air pressure is salience. The topography force influence on the typhonic central intensity and unsymmertrical structure is very evident. The Taiwan topography is the primary reason for the low pressure in the windward mountain and high pressure in the leeward mountain. The topography is the primary reason for the peripheral precipitation reinfor4ce of the typhoon.

试验结果表明：台湾岛地形对台风&泰利&的移动路径和中心气压的影响不显著；地形的强迫作用对台风涡度场的中心强度和非对称结构有明显的影响；台湾岛地形是形成迎风坡诱生低压和背风坡诱生高压的主要因子；地形是台风外围降水加强的主要原因。

In fact, the primary flow characteristics are determined by not only the scales of the topographies but also their shapes and the upstream flow direction.

具体地形流动的整体特征取决于地形特征尺度、过山气流方向、地形高度以及地形的几何形状等。

The conversions of ice temperature and ice velocity occur from bridge to trough of terrain on the eastern Nyainqentanglha Range. The ice temperature at bridge is lower. The ice at bridge starts to move due to the larger gravitational driving stress. During the course from bridge to trough of terrain, basal ice temperature rises because of the friction. While reaching the pressure melting point of ice, basal decollement occurs, and higher velocities can still be produced at trough.

而位于念青唐古拉山东部地区的冰川，冰温和冰速从地形脊到地形槽处发生了较大的转化过程，在地形脊处冰温较低，受重力加速度的影响，冰川开始产生滑动，从地形脊到地形槽滑动的过程中，其底部受摩擦加热的影响，底部冰温升高，达到融化点，底部产生变形，到地形槽处仍会产生较大速度的滑动，因此冰川的运动从地形脊到地形槽处发生了转化，即地形脊处的滑动属动力过程引起的滑动，而地形槽处的滑动属热力过程产生的滑动。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。